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. 2018 Dec 13;39:591–602. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.046

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Different mechanisms by which gut microbes can positively or negatively influence drug metabolism and efficacy. Gut microbes may act on a pro-drug or drug conjugate in order to activate it. They may also deactivate an active drug, aid in the absorption of an active drug, or modulate the host metabolism to inactivate a drug or create a toxic compound.