Metformin
|
Rodent: C57BL/6 mice N = 24 |
-
•
Improvement in glucose tolerance, fasting glucose levels in HFD-fed mice
-
•
Decreased proportion of Akkermansia and Alistipes genera and increased Anaerotruncus, Lactococcus, Parabacteroides, Odoribacter, Lawsonia, Blautia, and Lactonifactor see in HFD control mice were reversed by Metformin
-
•
HFD decreased abundance of Akkermansia
|
7 |
|
Rodent: C57BL/6 mice N = 41 |
-
•
Decreased serum glucose levels after metformin treatment in HFD mice
-
•
Decreased serum total cholesterol levels in female mice, no change in male mice with HFD
-
•
Metformin in HFD group increased composition of phylum Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia
-
•
In HFD group treated with metformin, Coprobacillus spp. increased in males while Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp., and members of family Lactobacillaceae and the class Bacteroidia increased in females
-
•
A. muciniphila negatively correlated with serum glucose levels
-
•
Clostridium orbiscindens showed negative correlation with body weight
-
•
Decreased bacterial diversity during metformin treatment, even more significant than dietary change
-
•
Increased abundance of A. muciniphila and Clostridium cocleatum with metformin treatment in HFD group
|
33 |
|
Rodent: SPF Wistar rats N = 50 |
-
•
Attenuated increase of body weight and inhibited accumulation of body fat in HFD rats
-
•
Metformin significantly reduced richness and diversity of gut microbiota
-
•
Significant enrichment of Blautia, Bacteriodes, Butyricoccus, Phascolarctobacterium, and Parasutterella, most of which are SCFA-producing bacteria
-
•
Inhibiting effects on Clostridium X1Va, Flavonifractor, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis, Roseburia, Clostridium XI
|
40 |
|
Rodent: Sprague-Dawley Rats N = 20 |
-
•
Abundance of Akkermansia in the upper small intestinal luminal contents remained unchanged in response to a 3-day HFD feeding, both with and without metformin treatment
-
•
HFD feeding decreases upper small intestinal abundance of Lactobacillus, which is partially revered by metformin pre-treatment
|
64 |
|
Rodent: C57BL/6 mice N = 40 |
-
•
Composition of Bacteroidetes in HFD group was significantly lower than that in normal diet (ND) group
-
•
Composition of Firmicutes in HFD group was significantly higher
-
•
Metformin administration to HFD group resulted in increased composition of Bacteroides, similar to that in ND group
-
•
Abundance of A. muciniphila and C. cocleatum increased during metformin treatment of mice on a HFD
|
62 |
|
Human: T2D Patients N = 40 |
-
•
Metformin promoted the growth of B. adolescentis in vivo
-
•
Incubation of fecal samples from treatment-naïve participants with metformin resulted in increased abundance of A. muciniphila
-
•
Significant increase in A. muciniphila in individuals who received metformin for 4 months
-
•
Fecal transfer to germ-free mice resulted in improved glucose tolerance in recipients of metformin-altered microbiota
|
67 |
|
Human: T2D patients N = 450 |
-
•
Metformin treatment significantly inhibited including Alistipes, Oscillibacter, and Bacteroides
-
•
Increase in Blautia spp. in metformin-treated group
-
•
Decrease in Akkermansia in T2DM patients after metformin
|
66 |
|
Human N = 784 |
-
•
Metformin-untreated T2D was associated with a decrease in Roseburia, Subdoligranulum, and a cluster of butyrate-producing Clostridiales spp.
-
•
Metformin treatment associated with a significant increase of Escherichia spp. and a reduced abundance of Intestinibacter
|
8 |
Thiazolidinediones
|
Rodent: Male SD rats n = 32 |
-
•
HFD led to increase in relative abundance of Proteobacteria
-
•
Pioglitazone administration in HFD rats led to a reduction in relative abundance of Proteobacteria, but not effect on Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae
|
46 |
|
Rodent: C57BL/6 mice N = 21 |
-
•
HFD altered spatial segregation of bacteria and microbiota composition. Increased Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia. Decreased Bacteroidales.
-
•
Treatment with rosiglitazone did not restore microbiota composition of HFD mice to that of Standard Diet mice
-
•
Treatment of HFD mice with rosiglitazone restored spatial distribution of ileal microbiota compared to SD mice
|
48 |
α-Glucosidase inhibitors
|
Rodent: C57BL/6 mice n = 30 |
-
•
Miglitol decreased hepatocellular lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis in HFHSD fed mice
-
•
Miglitol decreased intestinal transit time
-
•
Miglitol did not reduce body weight but reduced insulin resistance
-
•
HFHSD diet decreased percentage of Bacteroidetes and increased percentage of Actinobacteria
-
•
increased percentage of Coriobacteriaceae within the Actinobacteria phylum and Erysipelotrichaceae within the Firmicutes phylum were suppressed in the HFHSD fed mice treated with Miglitol
|
51 |
| In vitro study |
|
52 |
|
Human: Chinese patients with prediabetes N = 52 |
-
•
Increased abundance of SCFA-producing taxa such as Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Lactobacillus in response to acarbose
-
•
Increased abundance of Dialister following acarbose, which was negatively correlated with HbA1c.
-
•
Butyricicoccus, Phascolarctobacterium, and Ruminococcus were inhibited
|
53 |
|
Human: Chinese patients with T2D N = 95 |
-
•
When Acarbose was added to antidiabetic treatment, Bifidobacterium longum was significantly increased compared to antidiabetic treatment without acarbose
-
•
No significant difference in content of Enterococcus faecalis between group receiving Acarbose and group without acarbose along with antidiabetic therapy
|
58 |
|
Human: patients with primary hyperlipidemia N = 14 |
-
•
Serum TG and cholesterol decreased significantly by Acarbose treatment, no change in weight
-
•
No significant change in free of conjugated bile acids, or total bile acids
-
•
Significant increase in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
-
•
decreased in Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and lecithinase-positive Clostridium
|
59 |
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
|
Rodent: ApoE −/− C57BL/6 mice N = 60 |
-
•
Liraglutide decreased body weight gain in both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic mice
-
•
Mean blood glucose level was significantly lower in Liraglutide-treated mice compared with control
-
•
Mice being treated with Liraglutide had the lowest food intake
-
•
decreased microbial diversity in Liraglutide-treated mice on a normal glucose diet; may be attributed to prominent enrichment of Firmicutes, decreased proportion of Bacteroides.
-
•
Enriched genera include Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Anaerostipes, Blautia, Lactobacillus, Butyricimonas, Desulfovibrio
-
•
Decreased phylotypes mainly within the order Clostridiales (phylum Firmicutes) and Bacteroidales (phylum Bacteroides).
-
•
Relative abundance of all obesity-related phylotypes (in the genera Erysipelotrichaceae Incertae Sedis, Marvinbryantia, Roseburia, Candidatus Arthomitus, and Parabacteroides) substantially decreased under Liraglutide administration
|
69 |
DPP-4 inhibitors
|
Rodent: ApoE −/− C57BL/6 mice N = 60 |
-
•
Saxagliptin had neutral effect on body weight
-
•
increased of phylum Firmicutes due to increase in the genera Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, and Turicibacter
-
•
decreased in phylum Bacteroides due to decrease in genera Bacteroides and Prevotella
-
•
Relative abundance of only one obesity-related phylotype (the genus Candidatus Arthomitus) affected by Saxagliptin
|
64 |
|
Rodent: SD rats N = 15 |
-
•
Sitagliptin resulted in a significant reduction of blood glucose while having no impact on body weight in HF/HC fed rats
-
•
Relative abundance of Firmicutes treated with Sitagliptin was significantly less than that in the diabetic condition.
-
•
Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria increased in Sitagliptin condition
-
•
After Sitagliptin treatment of diabetic rats, Roseburia increased, Blautia decreased, and Clostridium showed no change in stools
|
70 |
|
Rodent: C57BL/6 J male mice N = 27 |
-
•
Vildagliptin decreased Oscillibacter spp., increased Lactobacillus spp. and propionate
-
•
Reduced ligands of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4
-
•
Promoted antimicrobial peptide production and increased crypt depth in the ileum
-
•
Vildagliptin reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the liver
|
68 |
SGLT2 Inhibitors
|
Rodent: C57BLKS male mice N = 24 |
-
•
Dapagliflozin improved hyperglycemia and reduced circulating markers of inflammation
-
•
Microbiota richness and diversity reduced in diabetic mice treated with dapagliflozin
-
•
Reduced Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in diabetic mice treated with dapagliflozin
-
•
Increased A. muciniphila in diabetic mice treated with dapagliflozin relative to diabetic control
|
82 |
Sulfonylurea
|
Rodent: Sprague-Dawley male rats N = 24 |
-
•
Glibenclamide treatment have mild effects on microbiome a-diversity in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
-
•
Glibenclamide treatment increased abundance of Paraprevotellaceae and Prevotella in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
|
75 |
|
Human: diabetic N = 43 |
|
74 |
| Combination therapy (PGX+S/MET) |
Rodent: male Zucker diabetic fatty rats N = 66 |
-
•
Rats given PolyGlycopleX (PGX) in conjunction with Sitagliptin and Metformin (S/MET) maintained the lowest body weight than all other groups
-
•
Rats treated with PGX + MET and PGX + S/MET had the lowest blood glucose concentrations
-
•
PGX + S/MET and PGX + ET delayed the progression of diabetes in ZDF rats
-
•
PGX + S/MET was associated with the greatest degree of insulin sensitivity
-
•
Rats treated with PGX + S/MET displayed the highest β-cell mass in the pancreas
-
•
Marked and sustained increase in active GLP1 with PGX + S/MET that was higher than all monotherapies
-
•
Greatest reduction of C. coccoides (Firmicutes) seen in rats treated with PGX + S/MET
-
•
Bacteroides abundance was significantly higher in rats treated with S/MET and control, compared with MET, PGX, and PGX + S/MET
|
96 |
| Prebiotics (inulin-type fructans) |
Human: obese women N = 30 |
-
•
Treatment with ITF prebiotics, but not placebo, led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which were both negatively correlated with serum LPS levels.
-
•
ITF prebiotics decreased Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Propionibacterium
|
108 |
