Carcinogenic induction downstream of infections is modulated by high NOS2 expression in hepatitis B/C and possibly HPV, and high NOS2 as well as high COX2 induction in hepatocellular carcinoma. NOS2 expression in early and late-stage cervical cancer has different prognostic effects. COX2, cyclooxygenase 2; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; HPV, human papillomavirus; NOS2, nitric oxide synthase 2. Color images are available online.