. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 15.

Published in final edited form as: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018 Jul 9;654:97–104. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.004

Table 2.

Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in serum, retina (macular retina, MR; peripheral retina, PR), and brain (occipital cortex, OC; cerebellum, CB) of infant rhesus macaques after 6 months of breastfeeding or formula feeding¹.

		BF	SF	UF
Lutein
Serum [nmol/L]		499 ± 78.0^a	66.9 ± 4.97^b	10.6 ± 3.78^c
Retina [pmol/g]^†	MR	5712 ± 1113^a	1582 ± 253^b	1323 ± 470^b
Retina [pmol/g]^†	PR	877 ± 194^a	156 ± 34.8^b	34.9 ± 12.6^C
Brain [pmol/g]^†	OC	262 ± 56.0^a	47.0 ± 3.91^b	13.8 ± 0.95^c
Brain [pmol/g]^†	CB	80.4 ± 15.4^a	16.9 ± 1.26^b	3.28 ±1.65^C
Zeaxanthin
Serum [nmol/L]		124 ± 20.1	nd²	nd
Retina [pmol/g]^†	MR	2903 ± 533^a	829 ± 133^b	933 ± 282^b
Retina [pmol/g]^†	PR	258 ± 58.2^a	15.3 ± 5.98^b	2.67 ± 2.67^b
Brain [pmol/g]^†	OC	95.3 ± 21.9	nd	nd
Brain [pmol/g]^†	CB	37.8 ± 21.2	nd	nd

BF, breastfed (n=8); SF, supplemented formula-fed (n=8); UF, unsupplemented formula-fed (n=7).

Values are means ± SEM.

nd = not detected. Values in a row with different superscript letters are significantly different, P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA or Welch’s test followed by Bonferroni or Dunnett’s T3 pairwise posthoc tests.

^†

Adapted from Reference [21].