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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Public Health. 2014 Nov 25;128(12):1076–1086. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.10.003

Table 4 –

Multivariate models to test effects of household income on various health conditions and behaviors by race/ethnicity.

Health Indicator by
Racial categories		 Household income as % of federal poverty level (FPL)
 Tests for trends (P)
0–99% of FPL 100–199% of FPL 200–299%of FPL 300% and above of FPL X3 X2 X
Health status
 Activity limited due to condition % (95% CI)
All    24 (22.10, 26.02)    22 (20.10, 24.02)    17 (15.13, 19.05)    11 (9.19, 13.12) ** <.001 <.001
White    31 (27.22, 35.05)    26 (22.27, 30.11)    21 (19.11, 23.03)    14 (12.15, 16.08) ** ** <.001
Black    29 (21.80, 37.44)    22 (15.14, 30.84)    20 (11.91, 31.62)    12 (8.59, 16.51) ** ** <.001
Hispanic    18 (16.12, 20.05)    17 (15.13, 19.05)    12 (10.17, 14.11)     8 (6.25, 10.19) ** ** <.001
Asian     9 (5.77, 13.77)    13 (9.55, 17.45)     7 (3.95, 12.10)     8 (6.25, 10.19) .05 ** **
American Indian    46 (7.22, 11.16)    27 (32.85, 59.74)    33 (19.44, 50.13)    14 (10.51, 18.41) .05 ** <.001
 High blood pressure % (95% CI)
All    30 (28.08, 32.00)    29 (27.08, 31.00)    29 (27.08, 31.00)    25 (23.09, 27.01) ** ** <.001
White    31 (25.44, 37.17)    32 (30.07, 33.99)    31 (29.07, 32.99)    27 (25.09, 29.00) ** ** **
Black    38 (30.50, 46.12)    41 (31.64, 51.06)    40 (30.67, 50.12)    32 (26.42, 38.15) ** ** **
Hispanic    25 (21.29, 29.12)    24 (22.09, 26.02)    26 (20.56, 32.30)    22 (18.33, 26.17) ** ** **
Asian    28 (19.29, 38.76)    25 (19.58, 31.33)    25 (19.58, 31.34)    20 (18.11, 22.03) ** ** **
American Indian    47 (33.77,60.66)    32 (24.69, 40.32)    37 (26.12, 49.38)    32 (26.41, 38.16) ** ** .05
 Obese % (95% CI)
All    25 (23.09, 27.01)    26 (24.09, 28.01)    26 (24.09, 28.01)    20 (18.11, 22.03) ** <.001 <.001
White    24 (20.30, 28.14)    24 (20.30, 28.14)    27 (23.26, 31.10)    19 (17.12, 21.04) ** .01 **
Black    27 (19.88, 35.38)    29 (21.80, 37.44)    31 (22.09, 41.58)    25 (21.28, 29.13) ** ** **
Hispanic    31 (27.22, 35.05)    31 (37.22, 35.05)    33 (27.40, 39.13)    25 (21.29, 29.12) ** .04 **
Asian    12 (6.09, 22.29)    13 (6.95, 23.03)     7 (3.95, 12.10)     5 (3.37, 7.37) ** ** .02
American Indian    45 (31.92, 58.81)    36 (26.85, 46.30)    30 (19.61, 42.95)    34 (26.63, 42.23) ** ** **
 Diabetes Type 2 % (95% CI)
All    10 (8.20, 12.14)     8 (6.25, 10.19)     7 (5.28, 9.23)     6 (4.31, 8.29) ** ** <.001
White     7 (5.28, 9.23)     7 (3.96, 12.09)     7 (5.28, 9.23)     5 (3.37, 7.37) ** .01 .01
Black    15 (8.69, 24.65)    11 (6.34, 18.42)     9 (5.76, 13.79)    10 (6.70, 14.67) ** ** **
Hispanic    10 (8.20, 12.14)     8 (6.25, 10.19)     7 (5.27, 9.23)     8 (6.25, 10.19) ** ** **
Asian    14 (6.72, 26.89)    10 (5.46, 17.61)     5 (3.36, 7.37)     5 (3.37, 7.37) ** ** <.001
American Indian    25 (12.58, 43.57)    12 (7.23, 19.26)    17 (9.24, 29.17)    10 (5.46, 17.62) ** ** **
 BMI M (95% CI)
All 27.93 (27.55, 28.31) 27.84 (27.58, 28.11) 28.00 (27.54, 28.46) 27.10 (26.89, 27.30) ** ** <.001
White 27.13 (26.61, 27.66) 27.22 (26.91, 27.54) 27.88 (27.25, 28.52) 26.34 (26.46, 26.71) .04 <.001 **
Black 28.29(27.14, 29.43) 28.16 (27.02, 29.30) 28.61 (27.13, 30.09) 28.17 (27.58, 28.76) ** ** **
Hispanic 28.85 (28.46, 29.24) 28.69 (28.30, 29.09) 28.81 (28.22, 29.42) 27.69 (27.18, 28.20) ** ** <.001
Asian 24.33 (23.59, 25.07) 24.71 (23.86, 25.57) 23.73 (23.06, 24.40) 23.66 (23.29, 24.04) ** ** **
American Indian 29.26 (27.92, 30.60) 28.20 (26.98, 29.42) 27.76 (26.54, 28.99) 28.05 (27.46, 28.64) ** ** **
 Perceived health M (95% CI)
All  2.88 (2.81, 3.00)  3.05 (2.98, 3.12)  3.26 (3.20, 3.32)  3.56 (3.53, 3.60) ** .01 <.001
White  3.17 (3.04, 3.29)  3.19 (3.10, 3.28)  3.43 (3.36, 3.51)  3.76 (3.73, 3.78) ** <.001 <.001
Black  2.72 (2.53, 2.92)  2.99 (2.76, 3.21)  3.33 (3.145, 3.51)  3.46 (3.36, 3.56) ** ** <.001
Hispanic  2.82 (2.75, 2.901)  2.99 (2.91, 3.07)  3.16 (3.05, 3.28)  3.46 (3.37, 3.56) ** ** <.001
Asian  2.85 (2.67, 3.03  3.05 (2.85, 3.26)  3.23 (3.05, 3.42)  3.54 (3.47, 3.62) ** ** <.001
American Indian  2.59 (2.19, 3.00)  3.25 (3.04, 3.46)  3.35 (3.08, 3.63)  3.48 (3.35, 3.62) ** .04 <.001
Health behaviors
 Current smoker % (95% CI)
All    19 (17.12, 21.04)    19 (17.12, 21.04)    16 (14.14, 18.06)    10 (8.20, 12.14) ** <.001 <.001
White    27 (21.53, 33.27)    23 (19.31, 27.15)    19 (15.38, 23.23)    11 (9.19, 13.12) ** ** <.001
Black    24 (15.56, 35.13)    23 (16.08, 31.77)    16 (9.59, 25.50)    10 (8.20, 12.14) ** ** <.001
Hispanic    15 (13.14, 17.07)    15 (11.48, 19.36)    12 (8.60, 16.51)     9 (7.22, 11.16) ** ** .02
Asian    12 (7.24, 19.24)    12 (7.24, 19.23)    13 (6.94, 23.03)     9 (7.22, 11.16) ** ** **
American Indian    33 (22.40, 45.66)    16 (10.94, 22.81)    19 (13.77, 25.62)    16 (10.94, 22.80) ** ** .02
 Sedentary % (95% CI)
All    45 (41.12, 48.94)    41 (39.06, 42.87)    35 (33.07, 36.99)    30 (28.08, 32.00) ** ** <.001
White    42 (36.26, 47.97)    43 (39.13, 46.96)    37 (33.17, 41.00)    30 (28.08, 32.00) ** ** <.001
Black    45 (35.48, 54.90)    48 (38.37, 57.78)    36 (25.20, 48.43)    30 (26.23, 34.07) ** ** <.001
Hispanic    43 (39.13, 47.00)    36 (32.18, 40.01)    31 (27.22, 35.05)    29 (25.24, 33.07) ** ** <.001
Asian    51 (7.24, 19.24)    48 (7.24, 19.23)    36 (6.94, 23.03    37 (7.22, 11.16) ** ** .01
American Indian    49 (35.63, 62.52)    37 (27.80, 47.25)    35 (21.21, 51.86)    25 (19.58, 31.34) ** ** .01
 Fruit past month M (95% CI)
All 29.37 (27.62, 31.12) 32.75 (31.01, 34.49) 31.94 (30.20, 33.68) 33.33 (32.39, 34.28) ** ** <.001
White 27.53 (24.73, 30.34) 32.71 (29.48, 35.95) 31.93 (29.92, 33.94) 35.16 (34.44, 35.87) ** ** <.001
Black 25.98 (22.53, 29.43) 24.29 (20.44, 28.14) 25.96 (21.13, 30.79) 32.57 (29.52, 35.62) ** .02 <.001
Hispanic 31.94 (29.68, 34.20) 35.50 (32.71, 38.28) 33.99 (30.59, 37.40) 32.23 (29.94, 34.52) ** .05 **
Asian 34.90 (27.00, 42.79) 36.37 (30.03, 42.71) 36.04 (31.92, 40.16) 32.28 (29.93, 34.62) ** ** **
American Indian 26.60 (20.69, 32.51) 30.45 (26.37, 34.53) 31.09 (22.39, 39.79) 36.16 (31.59, 40.73) ** ** .03
 Vegetable past month M (95% CI)
All 26.39 (24.87, 27.90) 27.27 (25.71, 28.82) 28.24 (26.81, 29.67) 31.24 (30.43, 32.06) ** ** <.001
White 27.99 (25.67, 30.30) 29.49 (27.67, 31.32) 32.16 (30.41, 33.91) 35.61 (35.10, 36.13) ** ** <.001
Black 23.07 (19.74, 26.40) 26.22 (22.31, 30.13) 22.81 (20.37, 25.26) 27.54 (25.10, 29.98) ** ** **
Hispanic 21.00 (19.19, 22.80) 22.34 (19.69, 24.98) 21.84(19.26, 24.41) 24.21 (21.99, 26.44) ** ** **
Asian 35.67 (29.52, 41.83) 28.89 (25.33, 32.44) 31.71 (28.29, 35.13) 32.97 (31.35, 34.60) ** ** **
American Indian 29.81 (23.27, 36.35) 28.88 (25.79, 31.97) 31.38 (25.49, 37.28) 32.88 (29.65, 36.10) ** ** **
 Fast food past week M (95% CI)
All  1.50 (1.25, 1.75)  1.59 (1.44, 1.75)  1.98 (1.62, 2.00)  1.34 (1.26, 1.47) .04 <.001 **
White  1.00 (.81, 1.20)  1.38 (1.23, 1.52)  1.66 (1.36, 1.96)  1.09 (1.04, 1.13) ** <.001 **
Black  2.69 (1.11, 4.27)  1.75 (1.23, 2.27)  1.64 (1.30, 2.00)  1.50 (1.26, 1.74) ** ** **
Hispanic  1.47 (1.30, 1.64)  1.62 (1.40, 1.83)  1.83 (1.52, 2.14)  1.48 (1.29, 1.66) ** .03 **
Asian  1.14 (.76, 1.53)  1.29 (.95, 1.63)  1.12 (.83, 1.41)   .96 (.83, 1.10) ** ** **
American Indian  1.77 (1.21, 2.33)  1.46 (1.12, 1.80)  2.50 (1.02, 4.00)  1.65 (1.36, 1.94) ** ** **
 4 + drinks year M (95% CI)
All 13.28 (5.43, 21.14)  9.52 (5.52, 13.52)  9.87 (4.64, 15.11)  8.19 (4.50, 11.88) ** ** .05
White 16.36 (7.82, 24.90) 10.83 (6.89, 14.76) 11.98 (8.780, 15.15)  8.36 (7.301, 9.40) ** ** **
Black 15.53 (.00, 33.24)  9.11 (3.389, 14.83)  1.69 (1.34, 5.68)  5.11 (1.29, 8.93) ** ** **
Hispanic  6.92 (4.08, 9.75)  7.39 (4.97, 9.81)  6.45 (4.01, 8.89)  7.58 (3.85, 11.32) ** ** **
Asian  2.36 (.00, 4.76)  1.33 (.00, 2.87)  5.54 (.00, 14.53)  3.64 (2.13, 5.14) ** ** **
American Indian 63.53 (26.46, 153.53)  9.62 (5.55, 24.78) 13.0 (1.62, 22.79) 12.46 (6.69, 17.63) ** ** **
**

not significant