Table 5. Magnitude of change in physical performance variables for substitutes from timing of pitch-entry to the end of match-play.

Variable		0–5 min (n = 33)	5–10 min (n = 32)	10–15 min (n = 30)	15–20 min (n = 26)	20–25 min (n = 19)	25–30 min (n = 11)	30–35 min (n = 7)	35–40 min (n = 4)	Time effects	Position effects	Scoreline effects
TD	Absolute (m)	REF	-71.76 (-102.23 to -41.31)b	-73.29 (-104.32 to -42.27)b	-66.61 (-98.96 to -34.26)b	-71.39 (-107.16 to -35.61)b	-91.22 (-134.72 to -47.70)b	-92.98 (-145.39 to -40.57)b	-84.91 (-151.78 to -18.04)a	-11.30 (-16.97 to -5.63)**	MID˃ATT** MID˃DEF*	WI˃DR* WI˃LO**
	Relative (m∙min-1)	REF	-14.58 (-20.70 to -8.46)b	-14.40 (-20.64 to -8.17)b	-13.62 (-20.12 to -7.12)b	-14.46 (-21.65 to -7.28)b	-18.26 (-27.01 to -9.51)b	-18.64 (-29.17 to -8.11)b	-16.45 (-29.90 to -3.00)a	-2.28 (-3.14 to -1.14)**	MID˃ATT** MID˃DEF*	WI˃DR* WI˃LO**
LSR	Absolute (m)	REF	-23.31 (-47.66 to 1.04)	-23.20 (-48.02 to 1.62)	-23.14 (-49.05 to 3.10)	-35.58 (-64.25 to -6.93)a	-31.80 (-66.70 to 3.10)	-16.07 (-58.11 to 25.97)	-16.07 (-69.20 to 38.04)	n/a	MID˃ATT*	WI˃DR*
	Relative (m∙min-1)	REF	-4.59 (-9.36 to 0.16)	-4.63 (-9.48 to 0.21)	-4.75 (-9.81 to 0.30)	-7.05 (-12.65 to -1.46)a	-6.14 (-12.95 to 0.67)	-3.06 (-11.26 to 5.14)	-2.44 (-12.92 to 8.04)	n/a	MID˃ATT*	WI˃DR*
MSR	Absolute (m)	REF	-32.61 (-47.06 to -18.16)b	-27.30 (-41.99 to -12.59)b	-26.31 (-41.60 to -11.03)b	-21.05 (-37.87 to -4.21)a	-38.47 (-58.82 to -18.12)b	-49.65 (-74.12 to -25.18)b	-34.21 (-65.41 to -3.01)a	-4.37 (-7.01 to -1.74)**	MID˃ATT* MID˃DEF*	n/a
	Relative (m∙min-1)	REF	-6.52 (-9.41 to -3.63)b	-5.45 (-8.40 to -2.52)b	-5.26 (-8.32 to -2.21)b	-4.21 (-7.58 to -0.84)a	-7.69 (-11.76 to -3.62) b	-9.93 (-14.82 to -5.04)b	-6.84 (-13.08 to -0.60)a	-4.37 (-7.01 to -1.74)**	MID˃ATT* MID˃DEF**	n/a
HSR	Absolute (m)	REF	-19.70 (-28.85 to -10.56)b	-23.23 (-32.55 to -13.91)b	-21.03 (-30.75 to -11.30)b	-14.30 (-25.06 to -3.55)a	-25.50 (-38.59 to -12.41)b	-29.20 (-44.97 to -13.42)b	-33.23 (-53.33 to -13.12)b	-3.38 (-5.10 to -1.65)**	MID˃DEF*	n/a
	Relative (m∙min-1)	REF	-3.94 (-5.77 to -2.11)b	-4.65 (-6.51 to -2.78)b	-4.21 (-6.15 to -2.26)b	-2.86 (-5.01 to -0.71)a	-5.10 (-7.72 to -2.48)b	-5.84 (-8.99 to -2.68)b	-6.65 (-10.66 to -2.62)b	-0.68 (-1.02 to -0.33)**	MID˃DEF*	n/a
SPR	Absolute (m)	REF	3.83 (-1.38 to 9.04)	0.30 (-5.01 to 5.61)	3.63 (-1.91 to 9.17)	-1.04 (-7.17 to 5.08)	3.96 (-3.51 to 11.43)	-0.19 (-9.18 to 8.80)	-4.15 (-15.64 to 7.33)	n/a	n/a	n/a
	Relative (m∙min-1)	REF	0.77 (-0.28 to 1.81)	0.06 (-1.00 to 1.81)	0.73 (-0.38 to 1.83)	-0.21 (-1.43 to 1.02)	0.79 (-0.70 to 2.29)	-0.04 (-1.84 to 1.76)	-0.83 (-3.13 to 1.47)	n/a	n/a	n/a
PL	Absolute (AU)	REF	-7.38 (-10.65 to -4.12)b	-8.49 (-11.83 to -5.16)b	-7.97 (-11.45 to -4.49)b	-7.60 (-11.45 to -3.74)b	-10.61 (-15.31 to -5.91)b	-12.56 (-18.23 to -6.89)b	-13.46 (-20.68 to -6.23)b	-1.67 (-2.29 to -1.06)**	n/a	WI˃LO*
	Relative (AU∙min-1)	REF	-1.50 (-2.16 to -0.85)b	-1.68 (-2.35 to 1.01)b	-1.62 (-2.32 to -0.92)b	-1.55 (-2.33 to -0.78)b	-2.13 (-3.08 to -1.19)b	-2.53 (-3.66 to -1.39)b	-2.70 (-4.15 to -1.25)b	-0.34 (-0.46 to -0.21)**	n/a	WI˃LO*
ACCdist	High (m)	REF	-1.33 (-2.68 to 0.00)a	-2.48 (-3.85 to -1.11)b	-3.05 (-4.47 to -1.62)b	-0.61 (-2.19 to 0.96)	-1.54 (-3.46 to 0.37)	-4.03 (-6.34 to -1.73)b	-1.60 (-4.53 to 1.33)	-0.27 (-0.53 to -0.02)*	n/a	WI˃DR* WI˃LO**
	Moderate (m)	REF	-3.22 (-5.03 to -1.41)b	-3.62 (-5.47 to -1.77)b	-3.59 (-5.52 to -1.67)b	-2.54 (-4.67 to -0.42)a	-3.80 (-6.37 to -1.22)a	-5.57 (-8.67 to -2.47)b	-4.74 (-8.69 to -0.80)a	-0.55 (-0.88 to -0.22)**	MID˃DEF*	WI˃LO*
DECdist	High (m)	REF	-1.24 (-2.29 to -0.18)a	-1.84 (-2.91 to -0.76)a	-0.93 (-2.05 to 0.19)	-0.30 (-1.54 to 0.94)	-1.75 (-3.26 to -0.24)a	-2.17 (-3.98 to -0.35)a	-2.40 (-4.72 to -0.08)a	n/a	MID˃DEF**	WI˃LO**
	Moderate (m)	REF	-1.39 (-2.89 to 0.11)	-1.56 (-3.09 to -0.03)a	-0.93 (-2.53 to 0.66)	-0.53 (-2.30 to 1.24)	-1.40 (-3.57 to 0.76)	-2.47 (-5.35 to 0.14)	-2.02 (-5.35 to 1.31)	n/a	MID˃DEF**	WI˃DR* WI˃LO**
#ACC	High (IRR)	REF	0.98 (0.74 to 1.29)	0.87 (0.65 to 1.16)	0.66 (0.47 to 0.92)a	1.11 (0.81 to 1.52)	0.74 (0.48 to 1.15)	1.01 (0.54 to 1.89)	0.76 (0.56 to 1.02)	n/a	MID˂ATT*	WI˃DR* WI˃LO*
	Moderate (IRR)	REF	0.94 (0.80 to 1.10)	0.88 (0.74 to 1.04)	0.88 (0.74 to 1.05)	0.88 (0.73 to 1.06)	0.83 (0.66 to 1.06)	0.98 (0.74 to 1.30)	0.96 (0.67 to 1.39)	n/a	n/a	n/a
#DEC	High (IRR)	REF	0.70 (0.53 to 0.92)a	0.69 (0.52 to 0.92)a	0.66 (0.49 to 0.89)a	0.90 (0.67 to 1.22)	0.68 (0.45 to 1.03)	0.54 (0.31 to 0.93)a	0.57 (0.29 to 1.13)	n/a	MID˃ATT* MID˃DEF*	WI˃LO*
	Moderate (IRR)	REF	0.95 (0.75 to 1.19)	1.05 (0.84 to 1.31)	1.01 (0.80 to 1.29)	0.91 (0.69 to 1.19)	1.06 (0.78 to 1.45)	0.75 (0.48 to 1.15)	0.78 (0.46 to 1.36)	n/a	n/a	WI˃DR* WI˃LO**

ACCdist: Acceleration distance, ATT = Attacker, AU: Arbitrary units, DECdist: Deceleration distance, DEF = Defender, DR: Scores level at the time of pitch-entry, HSR: High-speed running, LO: Team losing at the time of pitch-entry, LSR: Low-speed running, MID: Midfielder, MSR: Moderate-speed running, PL: Player Load, REF: Reference category for comparison, SPR: Sprinting, TD: Total Distance, WI: Team winning at the time of pitch-entry, #_ACC: Number of accelerations, #_DEC: Number of decelerations,

^a different from 0–5 min at p≤0.05 level when ‘epoch’ modelled as categorical,

^b different from 0–5 min at p≤0.001 level when ‘epoch’ modelled as categorical,

*: Significant effect at p≤0.05,

**: Significant effect at p≤0.001.

Data are reported as effect estimates (95% CI) except for #_ACC and #_DEC, which are incidence risk ratios (IRR).