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. 2019 Jan 31;14(1):e0211469. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211469

Table 1. Coding structure.

Left column indicates category, middle column indicates sub-category, and right column describes the content coded within each sub-category. White rows were included in the model; grey rows were not.

Sub-categories Description
Return to Normalcy Naturalness of experience Statements about the naturalness of the participant’s experiences (or lack of naturalness), including sensation being comparable to the intact hand, and the sensory experience being integrated into their daily routines and decision making processes
Embodiment Comments indicating the presence (or absence) of self-attribution or ownership of the prosthesis, how the system affected participants’ perceptions of wholeness, and that the experience of the hand remained after stimulation was off
Interaction with others Comments about being able to do “normal” social activities: enjoying and trying to shake hands, playing with and picking up children
Acclimation Comments suggesting that participants were becoming more comfortable with having sensation, acclimating to the artificial sensation, learning to recognize and use sensory information, or suggesting a process of the sensory experience becoming more natural
Reduced focus and attention Comments about the degree of focus or attention required to complete tasks, or using the prosthesis more spontaneously with less thought
Phantom position Comments about the phantom sensation, including position of the phantom limb, changes in phantom position, or telescoping experience
Self-Efficacy Confidence in tasks Comments about participants’ confidence in their abilities and using the prosthesis to do tasks
Usefulness of sensory information Comments about how participants utilized the sensory information provided by the stimulation to do specific tasks
Lack of confidence/
Distrust of the system
Statements in which participants expressed worry, uneasiness, concern, annoyance, or frustration with certain aspects of the system
Control interference Statements about inadvertent movement of the prosthesis or an inability to move, either due to stimulation interfering with myoelectric control or due to perceived stimulation interference
Sensation Experience Sensation modality Comments about the type, texture, or modality of the sensations provided by stimulation
Sensation location Comments regarding the locations of the sensations provided by stimulation
Sensation timing Comments about the perceived timing of the sensory percepts
Sensation intensity Comments about the intensity or magnitude of the sensations created by the stimulation
User Attitudes Outcome acceptance Statements about the participants’ desire to have the experience of a sensorized prosthesis rather than having no sensation, general statements about participants’ attitudes about the sensation or system, and statements about how sensation impacted their willingness to wear the system or their wear-time
Stability of Sensation Changes in intensity Comments about how intensity changed throughout the day or the study
Changes in modality Comments about the way in which the modality changed throughout the day or the study
Changes in location Comments regarding changes in locations of sensory percepts throughout the day or the study
Changes related to arm position Comments about how the sensation changed when the arm was in different positions
Consistency of sensation Comments about the general stability of the sensation, or that the sensation felt inconsistent or erratic
System Operations Mechanical hand interactions Comments about the physical properties and characteristics of the prosthetic hand and silicone sensors
Stimulator program Comments about the stimulation software program. These comments could refer to unexpected shutdowns or reboots of the stimulator, triggering of sensations when inappropriate, features of the program that the participants would like to see added or removed in future versions, or other issues that were caused by the stimulator program
Connectors and cables Comments about the ease of use, problems, or experiences referring to the cables and connectors in the system. Comments include issues related to cable snagging or tethering, connectors being pulled apart accidentally, and the experiences of the participants connecting and disconnecting the cables and connectors. Comments also include getting used to system donning and doffing procedures involving the cables and connectors
Changing stimulation parameters Comments about the experience of changing stimulation parameters, such as the pulse width and pulse amplitude. Comments about the frequency of changing parameters, ease of changing parameters, and rationale for changing parameters