Table 1. Parameters for the toggle model.

θ* is the “true” parameter set from which data is generated, and ${\widehat{\mathit{\theta }}}_0$ is the MLE parameter set fit to a baseline data set generated assuming 0 UV (see S5 Fig for further discussion). Here, N is used to denote the units of single-molecules.

	θ*	${\widehat{\mathit{\theta }}}_0$	units
by	6.80 × 10−5	9.86 × 10−4	s−1
bx	2.20 × 10−3	3.19 × 10−3	s−1
ky	1.60 × 10−2	1.60 × 10−2	s−1
kx	1.70 × 10−2	2.50 × 10−2	s−1
αxy	6.10 × 10−3	8.28 × 10−3	$N^{-{\eta }_{xy}}$
αyx	2.60 × 10−3	2.46 × 10−3	$N^{-{\eta }_{xy}}$
ηxy	2.10	2.10	-
ηyx	3.00	3.00	-
γx	3.80 × 10−4	5.57 × 10−4	N−1s−1