Table 3.
Association between endemic Burkitt lymphoma and IgG reactivity to P falciparum malaria antigens successfully tested in Ghana.
| PfEMP group | Domain class | Binding phenotype | PfEMP1 assay | Ghana |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (%) | Cases (%) | OR (95% CI)a | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | ||||
| A | CIDRαCIDRα1·1 | EPCR | PfEMP1_IT4var06 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 41% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 25% | 0·60 (0·32–1·12) | 0·80 (0·3–2·18) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 18% | 0·44 (0·23–0·85) | 0·76 (0·22–2·62) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 17% | 0·37 (0·19–0·72) | 0·41 (0·1–1·72) | |||
| X2trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·001 | 0·232 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·013 | 0·569 | |||
| A | CIDRαCIDRα1·1 | EPCR | PfEMP1_raj116_var8 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 40% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 27% | 0·65 (0·35–1·22) | 1·13 (0·4–3·17) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 17% | 0·39 (0·20–0·77) | 0·86 (0·23–3·22) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 16% | 0·37 (0·19–0·73) | 0·9 (0·18–4·4) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·001 | 0·832 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·008 | 0·956 | |||
| A | CIDRαCIDRα1·8a | EPCR | PfEMP1_GA026 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 37% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 28% | 0·67 (0·36–1·26) | 1·1 (0·44–2·73) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 17% | 0·45 (0·23–0·89) | 1·6 (0·48–5·36) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 18% | 0·46 (0·24–0·9) | 2·14 (0·53–8·71) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·009 | 0·276 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·055 | 0·717 | |||
| A | CIDRαCIDRα1·6b | EPCR | PfEMP1_GA019 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 46% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 20% | 0·41 (0·22–0·79) | 0·8 (0·28–2·28) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 19% | 0·41 (0·22–0·79) | 0·69 (0·22–2·17) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 15% | 0·29 (0·15–0·57) | 0·55 (0·14–2·08) | |||
| X2trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·000 | 0·373 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·001 | 0·848 | |||
| A | CIDRαCIDRα1·5 | EPCR | PfEMP1_1965–2 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 45% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 23% | 0·48 (0·25–0·91) | 0·57 (0·22–1·46) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 14% | 0·27 (0·13–0·55) | 0·42 (0·14–1·26) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 17% | 0·33 (0·17–0·66) | 0·66 (0·2–2·18) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·000 | 0·495 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·001 | 0·410 | |||
| A | CIDRδ | Unknown | PfEMP1_HB3var05 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 43% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 20% | 0·42 (0·22–0·8) | 0·46 (0·18–1·17) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 24% | 0·48 (0·25–0·91) | 0·63 (0·22–1·84) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 13% | 0·24 (0·11–0·49) | 0·22 (0·06–0·73) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·000 | 0·035 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·001 | 0·047 | |||
| A | CIDRδ | Unknown | PfEMP1_IT4var02 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 40% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 25% | 0·60 (0·32–1·12) | 1·09 (0·4–2·96) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 21% | 0·49 (0·26–0·94) | 0·86 (0·29–2·58) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 14% | 0·31 (0·16–0·62) | 0·85 (0·23–3·13) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·001 | 0·687 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·007 | 0·951 | |||
| B | CIDRα2·2 | CD36 | PfEMP1_IT4var24 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 37% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 20% | 0·51 (0·26–0·98) | 0·52 (0·19–1·41) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 29% | 0·83 (0·45–1·55) | 2·76 (0·8–9·52) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 15% | 0·38 (0·19–0·75) | 1·04 (0·23–4·8) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·029 | 0·455 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·019 | 0·006 | |||
| B | CIDRα3·3 | CD36 | PfEMP1_IT4var26 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 40% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 27% | 0·64 (0·35–1·2) | 1·44 (0·53–3·95) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 14% | 0·34 (0·17–0·68) | 0·46 (0·15–1·46) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 19% | 0·47 (0·24–0·9) | 0·79 (0·24–2·58) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·006 | 0·328 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·013 | 0·137 | |||
| B | CIDRα2·9 | PfEMP1_IT4var30 | |||||
| Q1 | 24% | 39% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 27% | 0·63 (0·34–1·18) | 0·88 (0·32–2·37) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 17% | 0·44 (0·23–0·87) | 1·12 (0·36–3·46) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 16% | 0·40 (0·20–0·78) | 0·93 (0·27–3·22) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·003 | 0·976 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·025 | 0·958 | |||
| B | CIDRα2·4 | CD36 | PfEMP1_IT4var33 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 43% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 26% | 0·65 (0·35–1·2) | 0·52 (0·18–1·45) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 14% | 0·35 (0·17–0·69) | 0·25 (0·07–0·89) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 17% | 0·41 (0·21–0·8) | 0·75 (0·17–3·41) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·002 | 0·481 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·008 | 0·057 | |||
| B | CIDRα2·9 | CD36 | PfEMP1_IT4var45 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 35% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 28% | 0·79 (0·42–1·49) | 1·35 (0·43–4·27) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 23% | 0·69 (0·36–1·32) | 2·4 (0·62–9·3) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 13% | 0·38 (0·19–0·78) | 1·06 (0·21–5·43) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·010 | 0·779 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·059 | 0·313 | |||
| B | CIDRα2·9 | CD36 | PfEMP1_IT4var61 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 38% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 29% | 0·75 (0·41–1·4) | 0·86 (0·32–2·34) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 18% | 0·45 (0·23–0·88) | 1·07 (0·34–3·37) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 15% | 0·43 (0·21–0·85) | 0·97 (0·24–3·86) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·004 | 0·911 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·034 | 0·966 | |||
| – | – | – | GLURP_R2 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 23% | Ref· | – | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 33% | 1·44 (0·75–2·76) | – | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 18% | 0·70 (0·34–1·43) | – | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 26% | 1·09 (0·56–2·13) | – | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·677 | – | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·211 | – | |||
| – | – | – | SE36 | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 29% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 9% | 0·31 (0·14–0·67) | 0·30 (0·11–0·79) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 38% | 1·43 (0·76–2·67) | 2·31 (1·01–5·3) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 25% | 0·92 (0·48–1·77) | 1·77 (0·69–4·53) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·391 | 0·017 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·001 | 0·000 | |||
| – | – | – | 6NANP | ||||
| Q1 | 24% | 39% | Ref· | Ref· | |||
| Q2 | 25% | 27% | 0·64 (0·34–1·19) | 0·92 (0·32–2·69) | |||
| Q3 | 25% | 18% | 0·44 (0·23–0·86) | 0·53 (0·15–1·86) | |||
| Q4 | 26% | 16% | 0·38 (0·19–0·76) | 0·59 (0·16–2·12) | |||
| X2 trend (P-value) | · | · | 0·002 | 0·342 | |||
| X2Heterogeneity (3df) (P-value) | · | · | 0·022 | 0·658 | |||
a
Case-control associations with IgG reactivity to malaria antigens determined using logistic regression· IgG reactivity is coded as quartiles 0, 1, 2, and 3 estimated from MFI values in the country-specific controls, and the results are controlled for age group and calendar year enrollment period in Ghana (minimally adjusted models).
b
Case-control associations with IgG reactivity to malaria antigens determined using logistic regression with additional adjustment for antigens associated with eBL at a p < 0·05 based on trend or heterogeneity analysis in the minimally adjusted models.