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. 2019 Jan 25;10:46. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00046

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Copyright © 2019 Hoeppli and Pesenacker.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Tregs provide challenges and opportunities in JIA/JDM pathogenesis, treatment and monitoring. (A) Tregs are altered in repertoire, phenotype and frequency in JIA/JDM, particularly at the site of inflammation. (B–D) Treatment options to restore the immunoregulatory balance include targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines (B), targeting Tregs to enhance their activity (C) or using Tregs as a cellular therapy (D). (E) Further, changes in Treg gene signatures could aid as biomarkers to measure or predict disease/treatment response.