Table 1.
Risk factors for autism spectrum disorders
| Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | |
|---|---|
| Maternal diabetes | 1.48 (1.25–1.75)17* |
| Pre-pregnancy obesity (≥90 kg) | 1.69 (1.34–2.14)21 |
| Obesity together with gestational diabetes | 2.53 (1.72–3.73)18 |
| Weight gain of ≥18 kg during pregnancy | 1.21 (1.03–1.43)21 |
| Weight ≥120 kg at delivery | 2.18 (1.51–3.16)21 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1.59 (1.34–1.88)23 |
| Residence at birth, capital versus rural area | 2.35 (2.15–2.57)25 |
| Stressful situations (exposure to storms) | 3.83 (1.98–7.42)28 |
| Preeclampsia | 2.36 (1.18–4.68)32 |
| Vaginal bleeding | 1.81 (1.14–2.86)36* |
| Placental insufficiency | 5.49 (2.06–14.64)36* |
| First-born versus third-born child | 1.61 (1.42–1.82)36* |
| Pregnancy interval <12 months versus 24–59 months | 1.5 (1.28–1.74)39 |
| Pregnancy interval >120 months versus 24–59 months | 1.44 (1.12–1.85)39 |
| Small-for-gestational age babies | 2.1 (1.1–3.9)39 |
| Mothers with rheumatoid arthritis | 1.7 (2.07–2.54)40 |
| Mothers with eczema or psoriasis | 1.39 (1–1.95)41 |
| Asthma treated during pregnancy | 1.41 (1.07–1.85)41 |
| Children with congenital heart disease | 1.97 (1.11–3.5)42 |
| Children with cryptorchidism or hypospadias | 1.62 (1.44–1.82)43 |
| Terbutaline use | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)47 |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors use | 2.2 (1.2–4.3)50 |
| Valproate use | 4.4 (2.59–7.46)57 |
The asterisks indicate meta-analyses