Table 2.
Prognosis factors for poor visual outcome.
| Factors | Final visual outcome | Univariatea | Multivariateb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||||
| CF or better | Worse than CF | ||||||
| Patient characteristics | No. of eyes | No. of eyes (%)/ Mean ± SD | |||||
| Age, yearsc | 55.2 ± 10.9 | 56.9 ± 12.1 | 0.066 | ||||
| Length of hospital stay, daysc | 24.2 ± 10.1 | 26.7 ± 11.8 | 0.283 | ||||
| Sexd | |||||||
| Male | 79 | 28(35.4%) | 51(64.6%) | 1 | |||
| Female | 41 | 7(17.1%) | 34(82.9%) | 2.6(1.0–6.8) | 0.060 | ||
| Lateralitye | |||||||
| Unilateral | 88 | 21(23.9%) | 67(76.1%) | 2.8(1.2–6.6) | |||
| Bilateral | 32 | 15(46.9%) | 17(53.1%) | 1 | 0.017* | ||
| Diabetesd | Y = 82 | 23(28.0%) | 59(72.0%) | 1.2(0.5–2.7) | |||
| N = 38 | 12(31.6%) | 26(68.4%) | 1 | 0.693 | |||
| Hypertensiond | Y = 46 | 11(23.9%) | 35(76.1%) | 1.5(0.7–3.5) | |||
| N = 74 | 24(32.4%) | 50(67.6%) | 1 | 0.314 | |||
| Liver abscessesd | |||||||
| Single | 89 | 28(31.5%) | 61(68.5%) | 1 | |||
| Multiple | 20 | 5(25.0%) | 15(75.0%) | 1.4(0.5–4.1) | 0.564 | ||
| Location of abscessese | |||||||
| In right or left lobe | 86 | 28(32.6%) | 58(67.4%) | 1 | |||
| In both lobes | 10 | 1(10%) | 9(90%) | 4.3(0.5–36.0) | 0.273 | ||
| Maximal diameter of abscesses, cmc | 5.3 ± 2.4 | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 1.1(0.9–1.3) | 0.315 | |||
| Presenting clinical features | |||||||
| Eye paind | Y = 79 | 18(22.8%) | 61(77.2%) | 2.8(1.2–6.3) | |||
| N = 40 | 18(45.0%) | 22(55.0%) | 1 | 0.013* | |||
| Fevere | Y = 104 | 32(30.8%) | 72(69.2%) | 1 | |||
| N = 15 | 3(20%) | 12(80%) | 1.8(0.5–6.7) | 0.548 | |||
| Chillnessd | Y = 80 | 26(32.5%) | 54(67.5%) | 1 | |||
| N = 38 | 9(23.7%) | 29(76.3%) | 1.6(0.6–3.7) | 0.327 | |||
| Abdominal paind | Y = 57 | 20(35.1%) | 37(64.9%) | 1 | |||
| N = 62 | 15(21.2%) | 47(75.8%) | 1.7(0.8–3.7) | 0.193 | |||
| At presentation d | |||||||
| EE previous than PLA | 62 | 8(12.9%) | 54(87.1%) | 6.1(2.5–15.0) | |||
| PLA previous than EE | 57 | 27(47.4%) | 30(52.6%) | 1 | <0.001* | 5.1(1.6–16.6) | 0.007* |
| Times of ocular symptoms to ophthalmologist consult, daysc | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 1.4(1.1–1.9) | 0.022* | |||
| Ocular and laboratory examination | |||||||
| Initial VA worse than CFd | Y = 76 | 10(13.2%) | 66(86.8%) | 8.7(3.6–21.2) | |||
| N = 44 | 25(56.8%) | 19(43.2%) | 1 | <0.001* | 4.6(1.6–13.4) | 0.004* | |
| Ocular hypertensiond | Y = 46 | 4(8.7%) | 42(91.3%) | 7.6(2.5–23.3) | |||
| N = 74 | 31(41.9%) | 43(58.1%) | 1 | <0.001* | |||
| IOP, mmHgc | 16.5 ± 9.9 | 26.3 ± 11.7 | 1.1(1.0–1.2) | 0.003* | |||
| Corneal edemad | Y = 82 | 16(20%) | 66(80%) | 6.4(2.3–18.0) | |||
| N = 36 | 19(52.8%) | 17(47.2%) | 1 | <0.001* | |||
| Hypopyond | Y = 49 | 7(14.3%) | 42(85.7%) | 3.9(1.5–9.9) | |||
| N = 71 | 28(39.4%) | 43(60.6%) | 1 | 0.003* | |||
| Subretinal abscesse | Y = 113 | 30(26.5%) | 83(73.5%) | 6.9(1.3–37.6) | 0.025* | ||
| N = 7 | 5(71.4%) | 2(28.6%) | 1 | ||||
| WBC count (x 109/L)c | 17.3 ± 14.5 | 14.2 ± 6.5 | 0.244 | ||||
| Thrombocytopeniad | Y = 63 | 26(41.3%) | 37(58.7%) | 1 | |||
| (<100,000/mm3) | N = 49 | 8(16.3%) | 41(83.7%) | 3.6(1.5–8.9) | 0.006* | ||
| ASTc | 118.9 ± 127.8 | 58.4 ± 51.6 | 0.076 | ||||
| ALTc | 109.7 ± 111.2 | 78.3 ± 68.0 | 0.183 | ||||
| Alk-Pc | 195.7 ± 115.5 | 209.8 ± 112.4 | 0.671 | ||||
| HbA1c in DM patientsc | 10.0 ± 3.2 | 8.8 ± 3.0 | 0.245 | ||||
| Blood cultured | Y = 84 | 25(29.8%) | 59(70.2%) | 1 | |||
| N = 36 | 10(27.8%) | 26(72.2%) | 1.1(0.5–2.6) | 0.826 | |||
| Aqueous or vitreous cultured | Y = 40 | 2(5.0%) | 38(95.0%) | 13.3(3.0–59.2) | |||
| N = 80 | 33(41.2%) | 47(58.8%) | 1 | <0.001* | 4.9(0.9–26.4) | 0.059 | |
| Treatment | |||||||
| Abscess drainaged | Y = 68 | 24(35.3%) | 44(64.7%) | 1 | |||
| N = 52 | 11(21.2%) | 41(78.8%) | 2.0(0.9–4.7) | 0.091 | |||
| IVI of antibioticsd | |||||||
| With dexamethasone | 34 | 14(41.2%) | 20(58.8%) | 1 | |||
| Without dexamethasone | 86 | 21(24.4%) | 65(75.6%) | 2.2(0.9–5.0) | 0.069 | ||
| Early TPPVd | Y = 26 | 5(19.2%) | 21(80.8%) | 2.0(0.7–5.7) | |||
| N = 94 | 30(31.9%) | 64(68.1%) | 1 | 0.208 | |||
Note; CF, counting fingers; CI, confidence interval; IOP, intraocular pressure; IVI, intravitreal injection; TPPV, trans pars plana vitrectomy; VA, visual acuity; WBC, white blood cell; EE, endogenous endophthalmitis; PLA, pyogenic liver abscess; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Alk-P, alkaline phosphatase; *statistical significant aunivariate logistic regression; bBinary logistic regression; cStudent’s t test; dPearson’s chi square test; Fisher’s Exact test.