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. 2019 Jan 31;9:1097. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37646-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neuronal firing rates under a small transient change in synaptic gains. (A) The red lines display the firing rates when the excitatory synaptic gains, which are shown on the left, are increased by 0.015 uV/(mV · Hz) for 2 seconds (indicated by solid vertical lines). The black lines display neuronal firing rates without the change in synaptic gain. Inhibitory gains are fixed at 2 uV/(mV · Hz) and the corresponding critical excitatory gain is ~0.431 uV/(mV · Hz). (B) The red lines display the firing rates when inhibitory synaptic gains, which are shown on the left, are reduced by 0.2 uV/(mV · Hz) (i.e., weaker inhibition) for 2 seconds (indicated by solid vertical lines). The black lines display neuronal firing rates without the change in synaptic gain. The excitatory gains are fixed at 0.431 uV/(mV · Hz) and the corresponding critical inhibitory gain is about 3 uV/(mV · Hz). The number on the right is the firing rate at the middle of the vertical scale bar (unit: AP/sec), and markers represent the values of vertical scale bars: •−0.1 AP/sec, ••−0.5 AP/sec, +−5 AP/sec; +•−25 AP/sec, ++−50 AP/sec. For comparison, the same random number kernels were used for all cases.