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. 2019 Jan 31;9:1045. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37412-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of StarBeast phylogenetic analysis of 662 single-copy orthogroup sequences. Species with female heterogamety are indicated by red boxes, and male heterogamety by blue boxes. Female heterogamety in Silene borysthenica, and S. otites, and male heterogamety in S. colpophylla, were confirmed or inferred from the molecular data presented here, and the male heterogamety in S. pseudotites and female heterogamety in S. wolgensis from results of interspecific crosses. The values indicated at the nodes are posterior probabilities. Branch colours indicate the most probable scenario for the evolution of the sex-determining system in section Otites. Branches and nodes where female heterogamety is inferred are coloured red, while the branches with male heterogamety are in blue. The branch to S. baschkirorum is coloured green as its heterogametic state is not known. Silene sibirica is not dioecious.