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. 2019 Jan 31;9:1044. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38026-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Growth and grain yield of rice plants. (a) Average length of shoot and root of individual rice seedling grown from germinated seeds for 6 weeks. (b) Average dry weight of individual rice seedling grown from germinated seeds for 6 weeks. (c) Average number of grains harvested from individual plant after 16 weeks. UC: seeds inoculated with water, G: seeds treated with gas (N₂ or air for 3 min), P: seeds treated with plasma (N₂ or air plasma for 3 min), B: seeds inoculated with untreated B. subtilis CB-R05, PB: seeds inoculated with plasma treated (air plasma for 3 min) B. subtilis CB-R05. A total of 150 plants per treatment were analyzed for height and dry weight. A total 95–107 plants per treatment were analyzed for grain yield. All data points represent the mean ± standard deviation of measurements. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.