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. 2019 Jan 31;9:1044. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38026-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Attachment and colonization of bacteria and phytohormone production. (a) Comparison of bacterial attachment on rice seeds by SEM analysis. Bacteria were treated with micro DBD air plasma for 3 min. Sample observation was repeated three times and performed under 1,000× magnification. UC: seeds inoculated with water. (b) Confocal microscope images showing the colonization of gfp-tagged bacteria in rice root. Tip and middle part of root cross-section were observed. (c) Concentration of IAA and SA hormones was measured in rice seedlings grown from seeds inoculated with water (UC), untreated bacteria (B), and plasma treated (PB, air plasma for 3 min) bacteria.