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. 2019 Jan 31;9:1057. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38446-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Optical Setup for remote photoacoustic sensing in transmission-mode using speckle analysis. The detection unit consists of a high speed camera (1), lens (2), aperture (3), bandpass-filter (4) and microscope objective (5). The speckle pattern is generated by cw-laser beam (6) which is focused on the phantom surface (9) using a lens (7). The sample is excited with a short laser pulse aiming at the phantom centre (8) which triggers the high speed camera. (b) Optical Setup for remote photoacoustic sensing in reflection-mode. Excitation and sensing take place on the same object side. (c) The resolution of the imaging system was measured at 2.76 μm (Group 7, Element 4) using a USAF 1951 Test Target. (d) Example of a speckle image captured with the imaging setup (128 × 16 pixel). The scales are added using the resolution, pixel size and the optical magnification $M = 10$ .