Table 2.
Serum non-cholesterol sterol markers in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 1 or diabetes mellitus type 2.
| Sitosterol | Campesterol | Cholestanol | Lathosterol | Desmosterol | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1DM | |||||||||||
| Feillet, 1994 [52] | Cases (n = 10) | 0.86 ± 0.11 | ↓ | ||||||||
| Controls (n = 10) | 1.16 ± 0.07 | ||||||||||
| Gylling, 2004 [40] | Cases (n = 7) | 1.94 ± 0.36 | = | 3.48 ± 0.58 | = | 1.55 ± 0.15 | ↑ | 0.56 ± 0.07 | ↓ | ||
| Controls (n = 5) | 1.24 ± 0.14 | 2.20 ± 0.29 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.12 | |||||||
| Gylling, 2007 [39] | Cases (n = 56) | 1.88 ± 0.08 | = | 3.96 ± 0.20 | ↑ | 1.64 ± 0.04 | = | 1.57 ± 0.07 | = | 0.76 ± 0.02 | = |
| Controls (n = 18) | 1.66 ± 0.14 | 3.10 ± 0.25 | 1.45 ± 0.09 | 1.71 ± 0.14 | 0.84 ± 0.04 | ||||||
| Jarvisalo, 2006 [41] | Cases (n = 48) | 2.07 ± 0.10 | = | 4.45± 0.27 | = | 1.80 ± 0.05 | = | 1.19 ± 0.05 | = | 0.74 ± 0.01 | = |
| Controls (n = 79) | 1.91 ± 0.08 | 3.73 ± 0.18 | 1.77 ± 0.04 | 1.29 ± 0.05 | 0.72 ± 0.01 | ||||||
| Kojima, 1999 [42] | Cases (n = 12) a | 2.33 ± 0.25 | ↑ | 3.84 ± 0.44 | ↑ | ||||||
| Cases (n = 10) b | 1.44 ± 0.14 | 2.63 ± 0.15 | |||||||||
| Controls (n = 10) | 1.38 ± 0.06 | 2.02 ± 0.20 | |||||||||
| T2DM | |||||||||||
| Blaha, 2006 [43] | Cases (n = 30) | 0.67 ± 0.26 | ↓ | 0.83 ± 0.66 | ↓ | 1.45 ± 0.62 | ↑ | ||||
| Controls (n = 30) | 1.92 ± 1.49 | 2.10 ± 1.31 | 0.88 ± 0.58 | ||||||||
| Feillet, 1994 [52] | Cases (n = 9) | 0.98 ± 0.10 | = | ||||||||
| Controls (n = 10) | 1.16 ± 0.07 | ||||||||||
| Gylling, 2010 [44] | Cases (n = 76) | 1.13 ± 0.07 | ↓ | 2.32 ± 0.13 | ↓ | 1.37 ± 0.03 | ↓ | 1.52 ± 0.08 | ↑ | 0.99 ± 0.03 | ↑ |
| Controls (n = 549) | 1.15 ± 0.07 | 2.78 ± 0.05 | 1.43 ± 0.01 | 1.46 ± 0.02 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | ||||||
| Gylling, 1997 [45] | Cases (n = 13) | 1.12 ± 0.11 | ↓ | 2.04 ± 0.23 | ↓ | 0.92 ± 0.05 | ↓ | 2.0 ± 0.10 | = | 1.08 ± 0.05 | ↑ |
| Controls (n = 18) | 1.78 ± 0.11 | 3.89 ± 0.23 | 1.17 ± 0.04 | 1.80 ± 0.11 | 0.73 ± 0.01 | ||||||
| Kurano, 2018 [46] | Cases (n = 46) | 3.02 | 1.82 | ||||||||
| Controls (n = 178) | 2.17 | 1.59 | |||||||||
| Lau, 2005 c [47] | Cases (n = 14) | 0.45 ± 0.10 | = | 1.31 ± 0.30 | = | ||||||
| Cases (n = 14) | 0.45 ± 0.10 | = | 1.10 ± 0.20 | = | |||||||
| Controls (n = 15) | 0.71 ± 0.30 | 1.29 ± 0.30 | |||||||||
| Controls (n = 15) | 0.55 ± 0.10 | 1.43 ± 0.30 | |||||||||
| Okada, 2010 [48] | Cases (n = 42) | 1.16 | 2.09 | 1.38 | 1.52 | ||||||
| Controls (n = 21) | 1.13 | 2.09 | 1.41 | 1.25 | |||||||
| Smahelova, 2005 [50] | Cases (n = 63) | 1.00 ± 0.57 | ↓ | 1.44 ± 1.56 | ↓ | 1.50 ± 1.19 | ↑ | ||||
| Controls (n = 72) | 1.70 ± 1.10 | 1.88 ± 1.13 | 0.95 ± 0.53 | ||||||||
| Smahelova, 2007 [49] | Cases (n = 63) | 0.94 | 1.31 | 1.53 | |||||||
| Controls (n = 72) | 1.75 | 1.84 | 0.96 | ||||||||
| Yoshida, 2006 [51] | Cases (n = 13) | 0.82 ± 0.13 | = | 0.91 ± 0.11 | = | ||||||
| Controls (n = 16) | 0.73 ± 0.10 | 0.73 ± 0.07 |
Values are mean ± SD and expressed in μmol/mmoL cholesterol. Non-cholesterol markers are significantly lower (↓), higher (↑) or not-significantly different (=) between cases and controls, or not statistically tested (blank). T1DM: diabetes mellitus type 1, T2DM: diabetes mellitus type 2. a Subjects on conventional insulin therapy or b intensive insulin therapy. c Baseline levels of a randomized clinical trial with 4 arms.