Table 5.
Serum non-cholesterol sterol markers in subjects with cardiovascular diseases.
| Sitosterol | Campesterol | Cholestanol | Lathosterol | Desmosterol | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assmann, 2006 [83] | Cases (n = 159) | 0.75 | 1.53 | 0.68 | |||||||
| Controls (n = 318) | 0.72 | 1.53 | 0.72 | ||||||||
| Escurriol, 2010 [84] | Cases (n = 299) | 1.32 ± 0.52 | = | 1.53 ± 0.57 | = | 1.61 ± 0.61 | = | ||||
| Controls (n = 584) | 1.39 ± 0.55 | 1.56 ± 0.58 | 1.59 ± 0.68 | ||||||||
| Fassbender, 2008 [70] | Cases (n = 58) | 1.27 ± 0.720 | = | 1.39 ± 0.86 | = | 1.33 ± 0.86 | = | 1.17 ± 1.73 | = | ||
| Controls (n = 957) | 1.42 ± 0.66 | 1.54 ± 0.77 | 1.17 ± 0.50 | 0.84 ± 0.36 | |||||||
| Gylling, 2006 [82] | Cases (n = 22) | 1.47 ± 0.13 | = | 3.01 ± 0.31 | = | 1.27 ± 0.09 | = | 1.70 ± 0.12 | = | 0.91 ± 0.07 | ↑ |
| Controls (n = 14) | 1.44 ± 0.09 | 2.74 ± 0.21 | 1.19 ± 0.06 | 1.75 ± 0.12 | 0.62 ± 0.03 | ||||||
| Gylling, 2009 [80] | Cases (n = 47) | 1.56 ± 0.10 | ↑ | 2.87 ± 0.12 | ↑ | 1.30 ± 0.06 | = | 1.68 ± 0.08 | ↓ | 0.96 ± 0.08 | ↑ |
| Controls (n = 62) | 1.24 ± 0.06 | 2.27 ± 0.11 | 1.29 ± 0.04 | 1.96 ± 0.07 | 0.76 ± 0.02 | ||||||
| Gylling, 1996 [71] | Cases (n = 7) | 1.39 ± 0.10 | ↑ | 3.00 ± 0.21 | ↑ | 1.02 ± 0.07 | = | 2.05 ± 0.22 | = | 1.01 ± 0.07 | = |
| Controls (n = 6) | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 1.63 ± 0.14 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 2.00 ± 0.26 | 1.16 ± 0.07 | ||||||
| Matthan, 2009 [72] | Cases (n = 155) | 1.69 ± 0.06 | ↑ | 2.29 ± 0.07 | ↑ | 1.44 ± 0.05 | ↑ | 1.16 ± 0.04 | ↓ | 0.73 ± 0.03 | ↓ |
| Controls (n = 414) | 1.49 ± 0.03 | 1.96 ± 0.04 | 1.35 ± 0.03 | 1.38 ± 0.03 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | ||||||
| Mori, 2017 [73] | Cases (n = 103) a | 3.48 ± 1.25 | ↑ | 0.61 ± 0.33 | ↑ | ||||||
| Controls (n = 40) | 2.44 ± 1.42 | 0.44 ± 0.16 | |||||||||
| Cases (n = 42) b | 2.89 ± 0.94 | = | 1.28 ± 0.87 | = | |||||||
| Controls (n = 42) | 2.83 ± 0.97 | 1.45 ± 0.53 | |||||||||
| Nasu, 2013 [74] | Cases (n = 42) | 1.46 ± 0.43 | ↑ | 2.00 ± 0.37 | ↑ | 0.61 ± 0.18 | ↓ | ||||
| Controls (n = 38) | 1.13 ± 0.32 | 1.44 ± 0.52 | 0.97 ± 0.66 | ||||||||
| Pinedo, 2007 [75] | Cases (n = 373) | 1.22 ± 0.47 | ↓ | 1.86 ± 0.79 | = | 1.21 ± 0.47 | = | ||||
| Controls (n = 758) | 1.31 ± 0.46 | 1.94 ± 0.80 | 1.18 ± 0.48 | ||||||||
| Rajaratnam, 2000 [81] | Cases (n = 48) | 1.52 ± 0.09 | ↑ | 2.78 ± 0.19 | ↑ | 1.30 ± 0.06 | = | 1.71 ± 0.08 | ↓ | 0.98 ± 0.09 | ↑ |
| Controls (n = 61) | 1.25 ± 0.06 | 2.28 ± 0.11 | 1.30 ± 0.04 | 1.96 ± 0.07 | 0.76 ± 0.02 | ||||||
| Shay, 2009 [79] | Cases (n = 82) | 1.35 ± 0.67 | = | 2.13 ± 1.15 | = | 0.47 ± 0.30 | ↓ | 0.34 ± 0.20 | ↓ | ||
| Controls (n = 213) | 1.45 ± 0.76 | 2.29 ± 1.12 | 0.54 ± 0.38 | 0.42 ± 0.32 | |||||||
| Sonoda, 1992 [76] | Cases (n = 22) | 2.64 | |||||||||
| Controls (n = 33) | 2.13 | ||||||||||
| Weingartner, 2009 [77] | Cases (n = 8) c | 1.47 ± 0.66 | = | 0.60 ± 0.23 | ↓ | ||||||
| Cases (n = 4) d | 1.51 ± 0.93 | = | 0.77 ± 0.24 | = | |||||||
| Cases (n = 6) e | 1.47 ± 0.69 | = | 0.87 ± 0.24 | = | |||||||
| Controls (n = 22) | 1.39 ± 0.61 | 1.12 ± 0.47 | |||||||||
| Weingartner, 2011 [85] | Cases (n = 66) | 1.35 ± 0.41 | = | 1.82 ± 1.04 | ↑ | 1.26 ± 0.62 | ↓ | ||||
| Controls (n = 111) | 1.21 ± 0.03 | 1.50 ± 0.69 | 1.38 ± 0.63 | ||||||||
| Wilund, 2004 [86] | Cases (n = 323) f | 0.76 ± 0.54 | = | 1.27 ± 0.77 | = | ||||||
| Controls (n = 808) | 0.78 ± 0.50 | 1.39 ± 0.78 | |||||||||
| Cases (n = 209) g | 0.73 ± 0.58 | = | 1.20 ± 0.81 | = | |||||||
| Controls (n = 1202) | 0.76 ± 0.51 | 1.28 ± 0.74 | |||||||||
| Windler, 2009 [78] | Cases (n = 186) | 0.63 | 1.04 | 0.58 | |||||||
| Controls (n = 231) | 0.68 | 1.13 | 0.80 |
Values are mean ± SD and expressed in μmol/mmol cholesterol. Non-cholesterol markers are significantly lower (↓), higher (↑) or not-significantly different (=) between cases and controls, or not statistically tested (blank). a Subjects with or b without statin therapy. c Subjects with three-vessel disease, d two-vessel disease or e single-vessel disease. f Study performed in men or g women.