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Protein handling pathways in cancer cells. cancer cells have to cope with a large burden of misfolded proteins, which if not managed appropriately results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and eventual cell death. As such, cancer cells are highly dependent on a tightly regulated network of protein quality control pathways such as (A) the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), (B) macroautophagy, (C) aggresome formation, (D) heat shock response, and (E) the unfolded protein response.
