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. 2019 Jan 4;10(1):25. doi: 10.3390/genes10010025

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© 2019 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cytoplasmic signaling cascades mediate post-irradiation cell survival and radioresistance in tumor cells by stimulating the canonical DSB repair pathways in the nucleus. Downstream effectors of cytoplasmic signaling cascades translocate to the nucleus and stimulate the canonical DSB repair pathway through either direct physical interaction with the repair protein or indirect stimulation of the pathway. IR: ionizing radiation; DSB: double-strand break; NHEJ: non-homologous end joining; HR: homologous recombination.