Table 3.
Characteristics of the clinical trial population at baseline according to late first-trimester degrees of adherence to the six food targets.
| Variables | Groups | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Adherence (n = 136/15.6%) | Moderate Adherence (n = 623/71.3%) | High Adherence (n = 115/13.1%) | ||
| Age (years) | 31.2 ± 6.0 | 33.1 ± 4.9 | 33.9 ± 4.9 | 0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 79 (58.1) | 420 (67.4) | 88 (76.5) | 0.005 |
| Hispanic | 51 (37.5) | 188 (30.2) | 21 (18.3) | |
| Others | 6 (4.4) | 15 (2.4) | 6 (5.2) | |
| Family history of: | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 28 (20.6) | 131 (21.0) | 21 (18.3) | 0.019 |
| MetS (>2 components) | 18 (13.2) | 135 (21.7) | 30 (26.1) | |
| Previous history of: | ||||
| Gestational diabetes | 7 (5.1) | 15 (2.4) | 3 (2.6) | 0.342 |
| Miscarriages | 45 (33.1) | 196 (31.5) | 37 (32.2) | |
| Educational status | ||||
| Elementary education | 19 (14.0) | 54 (8.7) | 5 (4.3) | 0.001 |
| Secondary school | 49 (36.0) | 145 (23.3) | 18 (15.7) | |
| University degree | 65 (47.8) | 420 (67.4) | 92 (80.0) | |
| UNK | 3 (2.2) | 4 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Employment | 100 (73.5) | 482 (77.4) | 92 (80.0) | 0.815 |
| Number of pregnancies | ||||
| Primiparous | 50 (36.8) | 274 (44.0) | 54 (47.8) | 0.017 |
| Second pregnancy | 43 (31.6) | 196 (31.5) | 42 (36.8) | |
| >2 pregnancies | 43 (31.6) | 153 (24.5) | 19 (15.4) | |
| Smoker | ||||
| Never | 75 (55.1) | 334 (53.6) | 68 (59.1) | 0.260 |
| Current | 16 (11.8) | 52 (8.3) | 4 (3.5) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) at baseline | 12.1 ± 0.7 | 12.1 ± 0.5 | 12.0 ± 0.5 | 0.137 |
| Body Weight (kg) | ||||
| Prepregnancy | 61.1 ± 11.8 | 61.0 ± 10.8 | 59.5 ± 9.3 | 0.383 |
| At entry | 63.3 ± 11.3 | 63.1 ± 11.1 | 61.5 ± 8.4 | 0.356 |
| Weight gain | 2.2 ± 3.2 | 2.0 ± 3.0 | 2.0 ± 2.7 | 0.707 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Prepregnancy | 23.4 ± 4.1 | 23.2 ± 3.8 | 22.5 ± 3.4 | 0.137 |
| At baseline | 24.3 ± 4.3 | 23.9 ± 3.9 | 23.3 ± 3.5 | 0.111 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg): | ||||
| Systolic | 107 ± 10 | 107 ± 11 | 107 ± 10 | 0.972 |
| Diastolic | 66 ± 15 | 66 ± 9 | 66 ± 8 | 0.809 |
| Fasting blood glucose mg/dL | 82 ± 5 | 81 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 | 0.377 |
| HbA1c % | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 0.436 |
| Cholesterol mg/dL | 171 ± 28 | 175 ± 31 | 176 ± 25 | 0.507 |
| Triglycerides mg/dL | 82 ± 38 | 83 ± 42 | 76 ± 30 | 0.288 |
| TSH mcUI/mL | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 0.610 |
| T4L ng/dL | 8.6 ± 1.3 | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 8.9 ± 1.2 | 0.144 |
Data are Mean ± SD or n (%). P Differences between groups analyzed with ANOVA (continuous variables) and χ2 test (categorical variables). MetS, Metabolic Syndrome. UNK, unknown. BMI, body mass index.