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. 2019 Jan 3;17(1):24. doi: 10.3390/md17010024

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of chronic astaxanthin (ATX) treatment on environment tobacco smoke (ETS) induced cognitive decline (n = 12). (A) Escape latency appeared during the training and the probe sessions. Data are reported as mean ± SE. (* p < 0.05) versus Group Control at the corresponding days; ^# p < 0.05 versus Group ETS at the corresponding days). (B) The swimming speed among the four groups during the five-day period. Data are reported as mean ± SE (p > 0.05). (C) The percentage of time spent in the target quadrant during the probe trial. Data are reported as mean ± SE. (* p < 0.05 versus Group Control; ^# p < 0.05 versus Group ETS). (D) The number of crossings of the platform area. Data are reported as mean ± SE (* p < 0.05 versus Group Control; ^# p < 0.05 versus Group ETS).