Table 2.

The last three-years in vitro and in vivo studies describing the role of LGG in cancer.

LGG-Mediated Effect	Experimental Model	Target Cells	Reference
Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effect in colon DMH cancer model	rats	cancer cells	[110]
Dendritic cells exposed to LGG induce TH1 polarization and antitumor response potentiation	ex-vivo immune cells	cancer and immune cells	[111]
Anti-proliferative effects on colon adenocarcinoma cells	cell culture	cancer cells	[102]
Anti-metastatic effects on malignant cells	cell culture	cancer cells	[103]
Promotion of IgA production through upregulation of APRIL expression in intestinal epithelial cells	cell culture and mice	cancer and normal cells	[89]
Change in transcriptome of small intestine cells	mice	normal cells	[112]
Attenuation of the NLRP6-mediated inflammasomes in the intestine	pigs	normal cells	[113]
Prevention of polyp formation in colorectal APC/min cancer model	mice	cancer cells	[108]
Modulation of mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways genes in cancer cell lines (colon, cervical, breast)	cell culture	cancer cells	[107]
Anti-oxidative effects on CC cells	cell culture	cancer cells	[104]
Inhibition of growth of hepatic cancer cells	cell culture	cancer cells	[105]
Anti-cancer effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma	cell culture	cancer cells	[106]
Reduction of colitis associated cancer	mice	cancer cells	[109]
Change of gene expression towards anti-inflammatory profile in intestinal porcine epithelial cells	cell culture	normal cells	[114]
Anti-inflammatory effects in myo-fibroblast colonic cells but not in cancer cells	cell culture and mice	normal cells	[115]
Attenuation of 5-FU-mediated intestinal injury	mice	normal cells	[91]
Protection of gut epithelial cells from radiation injury	mice	normal cells	[92]
Preservation of the gut microbiota balance and intestinal epithelial barrier	pigs	normal cells	[93]