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Schematic representation of paroxetine-induced apoptosis. Paroxetine induces intracellular and mitochondrial ROS generation and an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels. The increase in ROS generation induces p38 MAPK activation and begins the apoptotic process by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, causing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and finally activating caspases and PARP cleavage.
