Table 1.
Summary of autophagy compound screen.
| # a | Name | Type b | ZIKV SPH Relative Titer in Vero Cells c | Vero Viability d | ZIKV SPH Relative Titer in C6/36 Cells c | C6/36 Viability d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bafilomycin A1 | H | 0.0 ± 0 | 55.7 ± 9.5 | 0.0 ± 0 | 36 ± 6.1 |
| 2 | Rapamycin | D | 167.9 ± 44.4 | 66.0 ± 2.6 | 75.7 ± 47.7 | 59 ± 7.3 |
| 3 | Timosaponin A-III | D | 0.0 ± 0 | 38.7 ± 11.9 | 13.0 ± 5.2 | 67 ± 3.6 |
| 4 | 3-Methyladenine | H | 73.4 ± 4.9 | 90.7 ± 1.8 | 155.3 ± 41 | 120 ± 15.6 |
| 5 | PI-103 | D | 42.3 ± 20.6 | 43.7 ± 6.4 | 46.2 ± 13.3 | 39 ± 8.9 |
| 6 | LY294002 | H | 264.3 ± 182.9 | 56.0 ± 6 | 548.4 ± 221 | 97 ± 17.2 |
| 7 | Lithium Chloride | D | 85.4 ± 18.7 | 87.0 ± 1 | 167.9 ± 68.4 | 111 ± 10.7 |
| 8 | L-690,330 | D | 40.7 ± 10.6 | 93.7 ± 3.5 | 66.8 ± 2.6 | 87 ± 4.6 |
| 9 | Wortmannin | H | 46.9 ± 9 | 79.0 ± 3.1 | 190.1 ± 57.8 | 105 ± 5.5 |
| 10 | Sodium Valproate | D | 110.8 ± 80.4 | 92.7 ± 1.2 | 111.4 ± 20.7 | 111 ± 6.2 |
| 11 | Verapamil·HCl | D | 92.9 ± 20.8 | 87.7 ± 0.9 | 89.0 ± 40.8 | 71 ± 2.9 |
| 12 | SP600125 | H | 26.5 ± 15 | 66.0 ± 2.1 | 50.3 ± 19.8 | 132 ± 9 |
| 13 | Chloroquine | H | 109.0 ± 65 | 89.7 ± 4.4 | 126.5 ± 44.8 | 81 ± 17.1 |
| 14 | Loperamide HCl | D | 11.7 ± 3.3 | 66.7 ± 17.4 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 12 ± 6.1 |
| 15 | Amiodarone HCl | D | 6.3 ± 3.6 | 84.0 ± 8.2 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 44 ± 15.3 |
| 16 | Nimodipine | D | 32.5 ± 7.3 | 92.0 ± 1.5 | 26.9 ± 13.6 | 41 ± 8.4 |
| 17 | Nitrendipine | D | 66.0 ± 27.1 | 88.7 ± 1.9 | 219.7 ± 44.4 | 62 ± 10.5 |
| 18 | Niguldipine | D | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 30.0 ± 14.2 | 0.0 ± 0 | 5 ± 2.1 |
| 19 | Penitrem A | D | 34.9 ± 10.4 | 78.3 ± 6.4 | 29.8 ± 6.4 | 43 ± 8.1 |
| 20 | Ionomycin | D | 0.0 ± 0 | 27.7 ± 10.4 | 0.0 ± 0 | 1 ± 0.3 |
| 21 | Rotenone | D | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 61.3 ± 7.7 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 17 ± 5.8 |
| 22 | TTFA | D | 24.4 ± 7.6 | 90.0 ± 3.5 | 72.8 ± 9.6 | 78 ± 19.9 |
| 23 | Fluspirilene | D | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 56.7 ± 16 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 26 ± 10.3 |
| 24 | Hydroxychloroquine | H | 14.7 ± 7.3 | 85.3 ± 8.4 | 25.1 ± 12.6 | 35 ± 9.7 |
| 25 | Norclomipramine HCl | H | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 48.7 ± 22.9 | 13.4 ± 8.7 | 19 ± 8.9 |
| 26 | Trifluoperazine·2HCl | D | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 51.0 ± 22.1 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 10 ± 3.8 |
| 27 | Sorafenib tosylate | D | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 58.3 ± 9.9 | 9.4 ± 8.8 | 23 ± 8.8 |
| 28 | Niclosamide | D | 0.1 ± 0 | 29.7 ± 3.8 | 0.1 ± 0 | 2 ± 0.3 |
| 29 | Rottlerin | D | 10.3 ± 5 | 80.7 ± 8.5 | 30.3 ± 16.9 | 40 ± 8.4 |
| 30 | Caffeine | D | 80.6 ± 20.9 | 104.7 ± 8.6 | 138.4 ± 37.7 | 83 ± 4.6 |
| 31 | Metformin·HCl | D | 122.3 ± 41.5 | 92.3 ± 4.2 | 75.8 ± 19.2 | 64 ± 10.3 |
| 32 | Clonidine·HCl | D | 65.4 ± 17.3 | 97.7 ± 2.6 | 95.9 ± 53.4 | 69 ± 5.4 |
| 33 | Rilmenidine | D | 191.2 ± 49.5 | 97.0 ± 2 | 161.0 ± 58.1 | 79 ± 8.3 |
| 34 | 2′,5′-Dideoxyadenosine | D | 93.3 ± 31.9 | 95.0 ± 1.5 | 317.4 ± 161.9 | 118 ± 15 |
| 35 | Suramin·6Na | D | 107.4 ± 44.8 | 92.0 ± 1.2 | 86.6 ± 23.2 | 86 ± 8.4 |
| 36 | (±)Bay K8644 | H | 34.9 ± 15.2 | 94.0 ± 3 | 39.4 ± 10.7 | 53 ± 11.1 |
| 37 | Forskolin | H | 139.0 ± 32.1 | 74.7 ± 3.7 | 302.5 ± 18.3 | 94 ± 12 |
| 38 | Pimozide | D | 77.9 ± 15.5 | 90.0 ± 5.7 | 109.0 ± 22 | 49 ± 3.6 |
| 39 | STF-62247 | D | 45.0 ± 21.4 | 77.3 ± 11.7 | 169.8 ± 45.9 | 49 ± 9.3 |
| 40 | Spermidine | D | 115.0 ± 44.9 | 78.0 ± 17 | 90.2 ± 57.4 | 70 ± 3 |
| 41 | FK-866 | D | 7.3 ± 6.5 | 32.7 ± 2.7 | 92.7 ± 32.4 | 48 ± 5.5 |
| 42 | Tamoxifen citrate | D | 3.3 ± 2.3 | 60.7 ± 18.4 | 8.2 ± 7.3 | 32 ± 11.9 |
| 43 | Minoxidil | D | 60.4 ± 27.2 | 96.3 ± 3.2 | 145.7 ± 16.6 | 72 ± 2.6 |
| 44 | Imiquimod | D | 228.5 ± 139.8 | 91.3 ± 1.2 | 72.5 ± 18.4 | 37 ± 8.1 |
| 45 | Imatinib mesylate | D | 91.2 ± 60 | 81.0 ± 10.7 | 5.3 ± 2.2 | 19 ± 5.4 |
| 46 | AG112 | D | 77.7 ± 38.2 | 96.7 ± 3.7 | 85.5 ± 21.3 | 80 ± 5.8 |
| 47 | SU11652 | D | 0.1 ± 0 | 1.0 ± 0 | 0.0 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 |
| 48 | Dibutyryl cAMP·Na | H | 60.6 ± 36.7 | 98.3 ± 4.4 | 142.6 ± 63.9 | 117 ± 10.7 |
| 49 | Rolipram | H | 103.8 ± 26.8 | 91.0 ± 3.2 | 215.4 ± 74.8 | 127 ± 12.1 |
| 50 | SB202190 | D | 13.3 ± 4.2 | 74.3 ± 5.2 | 25.9 ± 7.4 | 44 ± 7.9 |
| 51 | Brefeldin A | D | 5.4 ± 4.9 | 17.0 ± 2.1 | 123.5 ± 25 | 91 ± 8.4 |
| 52 | Tunicamycin | D | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 56.3 ± 8.7 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 47 ± 7.6 |
| 53 | Thapsigargin | D | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 38.0 ± 10.5 | 0.0 ± 0 | 23 ± 3.9 |
| 54 | A23187 | D | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 17.0 ± 6.7 | 0.0 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 |
| 55 | Capsaicin | D | 76.9 ± 29.6 | 91.7 ± 2.4 | 48.1 ± 12 | 66 ± 7.2 |
| 56 | Dihydrocapsaicin | D | 28.7 ± 10.5 | 92.3 ± 3.8 | 64.1 ± 16 | 61 ± 2.2 |
| 57 | Glucosamine HCl | D | 51.8 ± 11.8 | 99.3 ± 1.9 | 242.1 ± 45.8 | 88 ± 5.2 |
| 58 | DTT | D | 60.2 ± 20.1 | 93.0 ± 1.5 | 145.7 ± 16.6 | 79 ± 4.4 |
| 59 | Deoxycholate·Na | D | 76.6 ± 16.6 | 95.3 ± 2.6 | 90.6 ± 12.5 | 83 ± 1 |
| 60 | 8-CPT-cAMP·Na | H | 107.8 ± 65.3 | 92.7 ± 0.7 | 60.1 ± 18.3 | 75 ± 3.7 |
| 61 | EHNA·HCl | H | 81.0 ± 7.6 | 92.3 ± 2 | 36.4 ± 9.1 | 55 ± 4.2 |
| 62 | ABC294640·HCl | D | 51.7 ± 29.2 | 87.7 ± 6.8 | 26.0 ± 10.8 | 32 ± 3.5 |
| 63 | Licochalcone A | D | 7.2 ± 2.9 | 100.7 ± 9.4 | 51.8 ± 28.5 | 43 ± 2 |
| 64 | Curcumin | D | 24.1 ± 11.3 | 75.3 ± 11.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 3 ± 0.7 |
| 65 | Plumbagin | D | 0.1 ± 0 | 2.0 ± 0 | 21.4 ± 17.5 | 49 ± 1.5 |
| 66 | 6-Gingerol | D | 99.9 ± 63.9 | 100.0 ± 2.5 | 109.3 ± 9.3 | 55 ± 11 |
| 67 | Akt Inhibitor X·HCl | D | 3.5 ± 3.3 | 32.3 ± 14.2 | 0.0 ± 0 | 7 ± 1.9 |
| 68 | PMSF | D | 89.0 ± 7 | 98.3 ± 2 | 258.0 ± 145.2 | 81 ± 6.4 |
| 69 | MG132 | D | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 10.7 ± 2.8 | 9.5 ± 7.1 | 31 ± 5.7 |
| 70 | ALLN | D | 123.3 ± 27.3 | 75.0 ± 17.1 | 41.6 ± 0.6 | 49 ± 6.6 |
| 71 | 7-Ketocholesterol | D | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 93.0 ± 4 | 9.8 ± 3.3 | 36 ± 5.1 |
| 72 | SB-216763 | H | 41.6 ± 30.6 | 80.0 ± 9 | 54.0 ± 21.7 | 63 ± 3.6 |
| 73 | Tolazamide | H | 176.8 ± 50.9 | 99.0 ± 1.5 | 120.1 ± 33.7 | 113 ± 7.3 |
| 74 | 17-AAG | D | 36.4 ± 20.8 | 56. 7 ± 11.8 | 18.2 ± 11.2 | 79 ± 16.4 |
| 75 | Geldanamycin | D | 108.4 ± 39.4 | 61.3 ± 5.7 | 25.8 ± 14.5 | 45 ± 5.8 |
| 76 | C1 | D | 119.3 ± 34.4 | 97.3 ± 2.4 | 101.2 ± 29.5 | 55 ± 1.7 |
| 77 | Z36 | D | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| 78 | Rockout | D | 169.6 ± 69.3 | 87.7 ± 3.8 | 96.2 ± 44.2 | 76 ± 5.2 |
| 79 | Go6850 | D | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 36.0 ± 9 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 21 ± 0 |
| 80 | 2-Deoxyglucose | D | 99.7 ± 15.4 | 98.7 ± 0.9 | 108.8 ± 61.2 | 73 ± 1 |
| 81 | Etoposide | D | 134.0 ± 34.3 | 84.0 ± 3.6 | 736.8 ± 89.3 | 119 ± 12.5 |
| 82 | SMER28 | D | 65.0 ± 5.6 | 92.7 ± 3.5 | 38.7 ± 12.2 | 36 ± 5.3 |
| 83 | Trehalose | D | 107.1 ± 16.9 | 97.7 ± 1.5 | 245.7 ± 101.3 | 99 ± 2.9 |
| 84 | Quinine HCl·2H2O | H | 180.2 ± 70.4 | 89.7 ± 2.7 | 123.0 ± 28 | 54 ± 4.6 |
| 85 | AICAR | H | 112.3 ± 32.3 | 90.0 ± 11.1 | 252.0 ± 115 | 125 ± 16.4 |
| 86 | C2-dihydroceramide | D | 36.5 ± 3 | 101.3 ± 3.7 | 262.1 ± 51.7 | 97 ± 5.8 |
| 87 | Temozolomide | D | 89.9 ± 17.5 | 104.7 ± 1.9 | 218.7 ± 49.8 | 113 ± 9.2 |
| 88 | Resveratrol | D | 67.5 ± 13.2 | 87.3 ± 2.3 | 154.6 ± 62 | 81 ± 7.5 |
| 89 | Staurosporine | D | 0.1 ± 0 | 14.0 ± 1.5 | 0.0 ± 0 | 16 ± 5.3 |
| 90 | PD-98059 | H | 101.0 ± 23.3 | 90.7 ± 1.3 | 197.3 ± 40 | 93 ± 8.4 |
| 91 | Anisomycin | H | 0.0 ± 0 | 12.7 ± 4.3 | 0.0 ± 0 | 7 ± 0.9 |
| 92 | Cycloheximide | H | 0.0 ± 0 | 37.3 ± 6.2 | 0.0 ± 0 | 24 ± 3.5 |
| 93 | Pifithrin-µ | H | 38.5 ± 12.4 | 49.0 ± 15 | 75.3 ± 27.5 | 72 ± 3.2 |
| 94 | Nocodazole | H | 28.4 ± 23.9 | 56.0 ± 9.6 | 182.0 ± 39.5 | 58 ± 2.9 |
a Compounds are numbered based on the Enzo library and correlate to Figure 1A and Figure 3A. b Autophagy inducers are labeled D whereas autophagy inhibitors are labeled H; c All values are displayed as percent of untreated control ± the standard error of the mean (SEM) from three independent trials. Viral inhibition is color coded as follows: compounds resulting in >90% of control are highlighted in red, between 10–90% are in yellow, and compounds that dropped titers below 10% are in green. d All values are displayed as percent of untreated control ± the standard error of the mean (SEM) from three independent trials. Cell viability data is color coded as compounds that retained >80% viability are in blue and compounds with <80% viability are in grey.