Table 2.
Daily dietary energy and macronutrients intakes of participants.
| Nutrients | Total Subjects (n = 197) | NW/MS− (n = 65) |
OW/MS− (n = 84) |
OW/MS+ (n = 48) |
p-Value 1 | p-Value 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total energy (kcal) | 2474 ± 790 | 2412 ± 853 a | 2364 ± 695 a | 2754 ± 809 b | 0.0172 | |
| Total carbohydrates (g) | 297.5 ± 92.5 | 298.8 ± 95.7 a,c | 281.7 ± 87.0 a,b | 323.3 ± 93.5 c | 0.0446 | 0.5447 |
| Carbohydrates (%kcal) | 46.7 ± 6.0 | 48.23 ± 6.54 a | 45.9 ± 5.3 b | 45.8 ± 6.1 b | 0.0340 | 0.2229 |
| Total dietary fiber (g) | 23.5 ± 7.9 | 23.6 ± 8.7 | 22.8 ± 7.3 | 24.6 ± 7.7 | 0.4495 | 0.7690 |
| Soluble dietary fibers (g) | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 7.6 ± 2.6 | 7.5 ± 2.3 | 8.5 ± 2.7 | 0.0745 | 0.7736 |
| Insoluble dietary fibers (g) | 15.5 ± 5.5 | 15.7 ± 6.2 | 15.2 ± 5.2 | 15.9 ± 5.1 | 0.7463 | 0.5677 |
| Total protein (g) | 104.2 ± 37.1 | 99.9 ± 43.2 a | 100.4 ± 29.9 a | 116.4 ± 37.7 b | 0.0303 | 0.6209 |
| Protein (%kcal) | 16.8 ± 2.4 | 16.4 ± 2.6 | 17.1 ± 2.0 | 17.0 ± 2.5 | 0.2580 | 0.3762 |
| Vegetal protein (g) | 32.0 ± 11.8 | 31.9 ± 12.5 | 31.0 ± 11.6 | 34.1 ± 11.1 | 0.3459 | 0.6093 |
| Animal protein (g) | 70.5 ± 30.3 | 66.2 ± 35.9 a | 68.0 ± 23.7 a | 80.7 ± 30.9 b | 0.0086 * | 0.0388 * |
| BCAA intakes (g) | 18.5 ± 6.8 | 17.6 ± 7.8 a | 17.9 ± 5.5 a | 20.7 ± 7.0 b | 0.0310 | 0.3789 |
| Total fat (g) | 93.4 ± 37.3 | 88.4 ± 39.9 a | 89.2 ± 30.6 a | 107.4 ± 41.3 b | 0.0102 | 0.8410 |
| Fat (%kcal) | 33.6 ± 5.3 | 32.4 ± 5.7 | 33.8 ± 4.7 | 34.7 ± 5.6 | 0.0649 | 0.5095 |
| Total SFA (g) | 32.6 ± 14.7 | 30.6 ± 15.9 a | 31.1 ± 12.3 a | 37.8 ± 16.0 b | 0.0173 | 0.8734 |
| SFA (%kcal) | 11.6 ± 2.6 | 11.1 ± 2.7 | 11.8 ± 2.6 | 12.1 ± 2.6 | 0.0902 | 0.4312 |
| Total MUFA (g) | 38.3 ± 15.7 | 36.3 ± 16.7 a | 36.5 ± 12.5 a | 44.0 ± 18.1 b | 0.0131 | 0.9269 |
| MUFA (%kcal) | 13.8 ± 2.6 | 13.3 ± 2.9 | 13.9 ± 2.2 | 14.2 ± 2.8 | 0.2203 | 0.7753 |
| Total PUFA (g) | 15.2 ± 6.2 | 14.5 ± 6.3 a | 14.7 ± 5.6 a | 17.3 ± 6.9 b | 0.0347 | 0.9148 |
| PUFA (%kcal) | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 0.6765 | 0.9631 |
| Total alcohol (g) | 10.5 ± 12.1 | 9.8 ± 9.0 | 11.1 ± 13.0 | 10.5 ± 14.0 | 0.2968 * | 0.1406 * |
| Alcohol (%kcal) | 3.0 ± 2.9 | 2.9 ± 2.5 | 3.2 ± 3.2 | 2.5 ± 2.9 | 0.4770 | 0.3919 |
Values are means ± SD. %kcal from carbohydrates was calculated by difference. Model p-values of comparisons between NW/MS−, OW/MS− and MW/MS+ are shown 1unadjusted and 2adjusted for age, sex and total energy intakes. Between-groups comparisons were made using the LS means procedure. Results who do not share the same letter (a,b,c) are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other. * indicates that the p-value was obtained with the transformed variables. Significant values (p < 0.05) are presented in bold. Abbreviations: NW, normal weight; OW, overweight; MS, metabolic syndrome; BCAA, branched-chain amino-acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.