Table 2.

Relationship of eating rate and degree of chewing with BMI z-score among Japanese preschool children.

	n	Crude a		Multivariate Model 1 b		Multivariate Model 2 c
		Mean	95% CI	Mean	95% CI	Mean	95% CI
Rate of eating
Slow	1919	−0.21	(−0.25, −0.16)	−0.22	(−0.26, −0.17)	−0.21	(−0.26, −0.17)
Medium	1908	0.08	(0.03, 0.12)	0.08	(0.04, 0.13)	0.08	(0.04, 0.13)
Fast	624	0.54	(0.44, 0.63)	0.54	(0.45, 0.62)	0.53	(0.45, 0.61)
Effect per change in category		0.34	(0.30, 0.39)	0.36	(0.31, 0.40)	0.35	(0.31, 0.40)
p for trend		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Degree of chewing
Not well	954	0.19	(0.11, 0.27)	0.19	(0.12, 0.25)	0.18	(0.12, 0.25)
Medium	2874	0.00	(−0.04, 0.04)	0.00	(−0.04, 0.04)	0.00	(−0.04, 0.04)
Well	623	−0.17	(−0.25, −0.09)	−0.16	(−0.24, −0.08)	−0.16	(−0.24, −0.07)
Effect per change in category		−0.18	(−0.24, −0.13)	−0.17	(−0.23, −0.12)	−0.17	(−0.23, −0.12)
p for trend		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001

^a Values for the BMI z-score are means and 95% CIs in parentheses. ^b Multivariate model 1 was adjusted for sex (boy or girl), age (months, continuous), residential block (Hokkaido and Tohoku; Kanto; Hokuriku and Tokai; Kinki; Chugoku and Shikoku; or Kyushu and Okinawa), paternal educational attainment (high school, junior college/vocational technical school, or university), maternal educational attainment (high school, junior college/vocational technical school, or university), paternal weight status (underweight, normal, or overweight), maternal weight status (underweight, normal, or overweight), number of siblings (0, 1, or ≥2), physical activity (low, middle, or high), birthweight status (<2500, 2500–3999, or ≥4000 g). ^c Multivariate model 2 was further adjusted for protein intake (% of energy, continuous), fat intake (% of energy, continuous), and dietary fiber intake (g/1000 kcal, continuous).