Table 3.

Relationship of eating rate and degree of chewing with prevalence of being overweight among Japanese preschool children.

	Risk of Overweight a
	Overweight /Normal Weight (n)	Crude b		Multivariate Model 1 c		Multivariate Model 2 d
		OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Rate of eating
Slow	117/1440	0.61	(0.48, 0.77)	0.55	(0.43, 0.71)	0.55	(0.43, 0.70)
Medium	198/1476	Reference		Reference		Reference
Fast	149/433	2.57	(2.02, 3.26)	2.71	(2.11, 3.49)	2.71	(2.10, 3.48)
Effect per change in category		2.06	(1.80, 2.37)	2.22	(1.92, 2.57)	2.23	(1.93, 2.58)
p for trend		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Degree of chewing
Not well	168/657	2.12	(1.72, 2.62)	2.19	(1.75, 2.73)	2.18	(1.74, 2.73)
Medium	266/2208	Reference		Reference		Reference
Well	30/484	0.52	(0.35, 0.76)	0.53	(0.36, 0.79)	0.53	(0.36, 0.79)
Effect per change in category		0.48	(0.41, 0.57)	0.48	(0.40, 0.57)	0.48	(0.40, 0.57)
p for trend		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001

^a Overweight was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs that are based on BMI [27]. ^b Values are odds ratio and 95% CIs in parentheses for being overweight against being normal weight. ^c Multivariate model 1 was adjusted for sex (boy or girl), age (months, continuous), residential block (Hokkaido and Tohoku; Kanto; Hokuriku and Tokai; Kinki; Chugoku and Shikoku; or Kyushu and Okinawa), paternal educational attainment (high school, junior college/vocational technical school, or university), maternal educational attainment (high school, junior college/vocational technical school, or university), paternal weight status (underweight, normal, or overweight), maternal weight status (underweight, normal, or overweight), number of siblings (0, 1, or ≥2), physical activity (low, middle, or high), birthweight status (<2500, 2500–3999, or ≥4000 g). ^d Multivariate model 2 was further adjusted for protein intake (% of energy, continuous), fat intake (% of energy, continuous), and dietary fiber intake (g/1000 kcal, continuous).