Table 1.

Identified metabolites and their corresponding concentrations (mM; mean, standard deviation), as determined by Chenomx NMR Suit 7.1^® peak fitting of individual ¹H-NMR spectra (600 MHz) for SpD (10 μM) treated AC16 cells (30 mg, n = 3).

Metabolite	Control		SpD
	Mean (mM)	S.D.	Mean (mM)	S.D.
Acetate	8.218	5.815	4.820	1.541
Alanine	1.236	0.665	1.341	0.315
Asparagine	0.388	0.194	0.397	0.095
Aspartate	0.412	0.139	0.428	0.138
Choline	0.751	0.437	0.831	0.111
Creatine	0.463	0.190	0.557	0.051
Formate	0.230	0.034	0.197	0.048
Fumarate	0.143	0.047	0.164	0.043
Glutamate	2.877	1.640	3.622	0.791
Glutamine	0.129	0.048	0.101	0.006
Glutathione	0.383	0.158	0.572	0.081
Glycerol	0.912	0.405	0.788	0.088
Glycine	1.650	0.952	1.900	0.656
Hypoxanthine	0.285	0.222	0.349	0.089
Inosine	0.169	0.068	0.209	0.056
Isoleucine	0.169	0.080	0.235	0.031
Lactate	9.551	3.793	12.374	2.715
Leucine	0.829	0.536	0.824	0.073
Lysine	0.783	0.489	0.719	0.124
Methionine	0.064	0.017	0.090	0.029
O-Phosphocholine	0.274	0.124	0.392	0.066
O-Phosphoethanolamine	0.939	0.468	1.068	0.091
Phenylalanine	0.376	0.200	0.364	0.018
Proline	0.907	0.435	1.114	0.202
Serine	0.948	0.536	0.790	0.352
Taurine	0.505	0.270	0.723	0.198
Threonine	0.853	0.434	0.846	0.152
Tyrosine	0.323	0.168	0.329	0.004
Uracil	0.363	0.243	0.279	0.021
Valine	0.479	0.272	0.474	0.073
myo-Inositol	1.198	0.554	1.750	0.352
sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC)	0.123	0.058	0.245	0.068