Table 1.

Executive function measures and findings in individuals with FXS.

Executive Function Domain	Measure 1	Findings 2		References
Working Memory		Males	Females
Verbal	WJ-III Memory for Words; NIH Tool Box List Sorting; RAKIT Learning Names; WMTB Nonword Repetition; RBMT Story Recall; WMS-R Logical Memory I; SB-IV Sentence Memory; Weschler Digit Forward, Digit Backward; WJ-III Auditory Memory; WISC Letter-Number Sequencing; KABC Verbal Number Recall; WISC, WAIS Arithmetic; TEA-Ch Elevator Counting	vs. CA ↓ vs. MA ↓ vs. iDD ↓ vs. DS ↓≈	vs. CA ↓ vs. IQ ≈ vs. Enviro ≈	[15,16,21,22,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]
Nonverbal/Visuospatial	Leiter Spatial Memory; CANTAB Spatial Span; KABC Spatial Span; SB5 Spatial Span; Delayed-no-matching-to-position; Toy Recall	vs. CA ↓ vs. MA ↓ vs. iDD ↓ vs. DS ↓≈	vs. CA ↓	[16,21,22,31,32,34,41,42,47,48,49]
Nonverbal/Visuoperceptual	Delayed-non-matching-to-sample; WMS-R Figural Memory I; Fish color; Sequence Memory Task; n-back; SB-IV Bead Memory; Card Task; Hidden Object Memory Test	vs. CA ↓ vs. MA ↓ vs. DS ↓≈	vs. MA ↓ vs. Enviro ↓≈	[15,16,34,35,37,43,49,50,51]
Inhibitory Control
Prepotent Response Inhibition	KiTAP Go/No-go; Lab-TAB Snack Delay; Antisaccade; TEA-Ch Walk task	vs. CA ↓ vs. MA ↓ vs. iDD ≈ vs. DS ↓	vs. CA≈	[14,16,26,52,53,54,55,56]
Distractor Interference	Stroop, Day/Night Task, CNT; Visual Selection; TEA-Ch Same-Opposite task; KiTap Distractibility, NIH Toolbox Flanker	vs. CA ≈↓ vs. MA ↓ vs. iDD ↓ vs. DS ↓	vs. IQ ↓≈ vs. Enviro ↓ vs. TS ≈	[16,22,31,34,35,52,55,56,57,58,59,60]
Cognitive Flexibility	NIH Toolbox Dimensional Change Card Sort Test; CANTAB IED; Wisconsin Card Sorting; iTap FlexiContingency Naming Task Subtest 3; Kbility	vs. CA ↓ vs. MA ↓ vs. iDD vs. DS ↓≈ vs. PWS ≈ vs. Enviro ≈	vs. Enviro ↓≈	[15,22,23,31,32,34,35,46,48,55,56,61]
Attention
Sustained	CPT; KiTap Vigilance; KiTAP Sustained Attention; WIAT Vigilance; WATT Vigilan task; Elevator Counting	vs. CA ↓ vs. MA ↓ vs. DS ↓≈	n/a	[15,16,37,50,52,56,62,63,64]
Selective	Symbol Search, Cancelation, Map Search, WATT Visearch task; WISC Symbol Search; KiTAP Visual Scanning; TEA-ch Map Search	vs. CA ↓ vs. MA ≈ vs. DS ↑ vs. WS ↑	n/a	[15,16,18,19,52,56,65]
Divided	KiTAP Divided Attention; WATT Visearch dual task	vs. MA ↓ vs. DS ≈	n/a	[16,56]
Planning	NEPSY Tower; WJ-III Planning; CANTAB Stockings of Cambridge	vs. MA ↓	n/a	[22,31,32]
Processing Speed	WISC Coding, Cancelation; NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison; Reaction Time from CNT; KiTAP Alertness	vs. CA ↓ vs. MA ≈	vs. CA ↓	[22,31,33,35,56]

¹ Abbreviations for cognitive measure used: CANTAB—Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery [66], CNT—Contingency Naming Task [67], CPT—Continuous Performance Test [68], IED—Intra-/Extra-Dimensional task, KABC—Kaufman Test of Attention Performance for Children [69], Lab-TAB—Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery [70], NEPSY—Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, RAKIT—Revised Amsterdamse Kinder Intelligence Test, RMBT—Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test [71,72], SB-IV—Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale-4th Edition [73], SB-5—Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale-5th Edition, TEA-Ch—Test of Everyday Attention for Children [74], WAIS—Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WATT—Wilding Attention Tasks [75], WIAT—Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, WISC—Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [76], WJ-III—Woodcock Johnson [77], WMS-R—Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised [78], WMTB—Working Memory Test Battery, Third Edition [79]; ² ↓—indicates participants with FXS performed worse than specified control group, ↑—indicates participants with FXS performed better than specified control group, ≈—indicates participants with FXS performed similar to specified control group, ≈↓—indicates mixed findings; Participant type: CA—chronologically-aged match controls, MA—mentally-aged matched control, iDD—control with idiopathic developmental delay, DS—control with Down Syndrome, WS—control with William Syndrome control, PWS—control with Prader–Willi Syndrome, Enviro—environmental control (unaffected in-house relative).