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. 2018 Dec 21;11(1):12. doi: 10.3390/cancers11010012

Figure 8.

Figure 8

SS’s potential way of action was studied by evaluating (a) oxidative stress by thiol group levels in R2J and U251 cell lines after being treated for 24h with SS or TMZ. Cell lysates were obtained after five thaw-freeze cycles. Thiol groups (µM) were normalized by the protein concentration in each sample. Results, expressed in percentage vs. control (not treated cells), are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.0005 vs. control. (b) Autophagy (p62 and LC3-II), reticulum stress (Grp78), and DNA damage (pH2AX) by Western-blots analysis, 72 h after SS or TMZ treatments followed by 72 h of wash-out. Chloroquine (Cq) at 20 µM was used as a positive control to block autophagy 1 h before SS or TMZ treatments.