Table 4.
Total daily energy and nutrient intake at breakfast, the rest of the day, and the total day by breakfast consumer category.
| Nutrient | Total Day | Breakfast | The Rest of the Day | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast Cereal Consumers 1 (n = 3798) |
Non-Cereal Breakfast Consumers 2 (n = 4392) |
Breakfast Skippers 3 (n = 1151) |
Breakfast Cereal Consumers 1 (n = 3798) |
Non-Cereal Breakfast Consumers 2 (n = 4392) |
Breakfast Cereal Consumers 1 (n = 3798) |
Non-Cereal Breakfast Consumers 2 (n = 4392) |
Breakfast Skippers 3 (n = 1151) |
|
| Nutrient Intake * (mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Energy (MJ) | 8.7 ± 0.1 a | 8.5 ± 0.1 a | 7.9 ± 0.1 b | 1.8 ± 0.0 a | 1.5 ± 0.0 b | 7.0 ± 0.1 a | 7.1 ± 0.0 a | 7.5 ± 0.1 b |
| Protein (g) | 91.5 ± 0.8 a | 90.0 ± 0.8 a,b | 85.8 ± 1.2 b | 14.1 ± 0.2 a | 15.6 ± 0.2 b | 78.8 ± 0.8 a | 76.2 ± 0.8 a,b | 74.2 ± 1.1 b |
| Total fat (g) | 71.1 ± 0.6 a | 76.5 ± 0.6 b | 76.8 ± 0.9 b | 8.1 ± 0.2 a | 13.7 ± 0.2 b | 65.1 ± 0.6 | 64.8 ± 0.6 | 63.0 ± 0.8 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 26.8 ± 0.3 a | 28.7 ± 0.3 b | 29.6 ± 0.4 b | 3.2 ± 0.1 a | 5.2 ± 0.1 b | 24.4 ± 0.3 | 24.2 ± 0.3 | 24.4 ± 0.4 |
| Total sugars (g) | 113.4 ± 1.4 a | 103.6 ± 1.4 b | 108.4 ± 2.0 a,b | 28.7 ± 0.5 a | 20.8 ± 0.5 b | 86.4 ± 1.3 a,b | 84.8 ± 1.3 a | 93.2 ± 1.9 b |
| Added sugars (g) | 46.3 ± 0.8 a | 51.7 ± 0.7 b | 62.2 ± 1.4 c | 8.3 ± 0.4 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 39.9 ± 0.7 a | 44.1 ± 0.7 b | 52.1 ± 1.3 c |
| Free sugars (g) | 54.3 ± 0.8 a | 59.0 ± 0.8 b | 68.2 ± 1.5 c | 11.9 ± 0.4 | 11.3 ± 0.4 | 44.2 ± 0.7 a | 48.9 ± 0.7 b | 57.2 ± 1.4 c |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 244.5 ± 1.6 a | 229.3 ± 1.6 b | 226.5 ± 2.4 b | 61.7 ± 0.5 a | 48.8 ± 0.5 b | 186.7 ± 1.5 | 185.3 ± 1.5 | 191.7 ± 2.2 |
| Fibre (g) | 26.9 ± 0.3 a | 22.2 ± 0.3 b | 19.4 ± 0.4 c | 7.4 ± 0.1 a | 4.9 ± 0.1 b | 19.5 ± 0.2 a | 17.6 ± 0.2 b | 16.5 ± 0.3 b |
| Niacin (equivalents) (mg) | 42.2 ± 0.4 a | 40.4 ± 0.4 b | 39.2 ± 0.6 b | 9.1 ± 0.2 a | 8.4 ± 0.2 b | 33.8 ± 0.4 | 32.8 ± 0.4 | 34.0 ± 0.6 |
| Iron (mg) | 13.6 ± 0.1 a | 10.3 ± 0.1 b | 9.1 ± 0.2 c | 5.0 ± 0.1 a | 2.3 ± 0.1 b | 8.7 ± 0.1 a | 8.2 ± 0.1 b | 7.8 ± 0.1 b |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.9 ± 0.0 a | 1.5 ± 0.0 b | 1.1 ± 0.0 c | 0.8 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 b | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
| Riboflavin (equivalents) (mg) | 2.3 ± 0.0 a | 1.7 ± 0.0 b | 1.5 ± 0.0 c | 1.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 b | 1.4 ± 0.0 a | 1.2 ± 0.0 b | 1.3 ± 0.0 a,b |
| Folate (µg) | 707 ± 8 a | 595 ± 8 b | 465 ± 12 c | 253 ± 6 a | 208 ± 6 b | 449 ± 6 a | 396 ± 6 b | 424 ± 9 a,b |
| Calcium (mg) | 927 ± 10 a | 741 ± 10 b | 673 ± 15 c | 291 ± 5 a | 177 ± 5 b | 644 ± 9 a | 580 ± 9 b | 596 ± 13 b |
| Sodium (mg) | 2283 ± 30 a | 2587 ± 29 b | 2431 ± 44 a | 244 ± 11 a | 570 ± 11 b | 2075 ± 28 | 2069 ± 28 | 2107 ± 41 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 371 ± 3 a | 327 ± 3 b | 301 ± 4 c | 98 ± 1 a | 69 ± 1 b | 276 ± 5 a | 264 ± 2 b | 259 ± 4 b |
| Potassium (mg) | 3146 ± 25 a | 2872 ± 24 b | 2665 ± 36 c | 646 ± 8 a | 520 ± 8 b | 2539 ± 23 a | 2405 ± 22 b | 2319 ± 33 b |
Abbreviations: SE—standard error. * Energy intake adjusted for sex, age group, their interaction, and number of eating occasions at breakfast; all other nutrients adjusted for sex, age group, their interaction, BMI group, and energy intake at total day, breakfast, or the rest of the day. 1 Breakfast cereal consumers had any food from the sub-major food groups “breakfast cereals, ready to eat” or “breakfast cereals, hot porridge style”, either at any time of day with a “breakfast” eating occasion, or between 5.30 a.m. and 9.30 a.m. with an “extended consumption” eating occasion. 2 Non-cereal consumers reported “breakfast” eating occasions but were not breakfast cereal consumers. 3 Breakfast skippers did not report a “breakfast” eating occasion. a,b,c Different superscripts denotes significant difference between groups (p < 0.001) by post hoc, Bonferroni.