Table 1.
Summary of the origins and compositions of some potential new sources of EPA and DHA.
| Composition a | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n-3 LC-PUFA | |||||||||
| Product | Development Partners | Source | Type | Lipid Content b | EPA c | DHA c | % of TFA d | % of Product | Reference |
| AlgaPrime™ DHA | Corbion (TerraVia/Bunge) e | Microalgae | Algal biomass | 60 | 0 | 48 | 48 | 28 | [42] |
| DHAgold™ | DSM Nutritional Products | Microalgae | Algal biomass | 49 | 1.0 | 44.4 | 45.8 | 22.5 | [43] |
| DHA Natur™ | ADM Animal Nutrition | Microalgae | Algal biomass | 50–60 | 0.25 | 34 | 34.3 | 17.2–20.6 | [44] |
| ForPlus™ | Alltech Coppens f | Microalgae | Algal biomass | 61 | 0.3 | 29 | 29.3 | 17.9 | [45] |
| Nymega™ | Heliae Development g | Microalgae | Algal biomass | 65 | ~0.1 | 20 | ~31 | 21 | [46] |
| Veramaris® Oil | Veramaris h | Microalgae | Oil | 100 | ~16 | ~34 | ~54 | ~54 | [47] |
| Camelina sativa | Rothamsted Research/UoS | GM camelina | Oil | 100 | 20 | 0 | 24 | 24 | [48] |
| Camelina sativa | Rothamsted Research/UoS | GM camelina | Oil | 100 | 9 | 11 | 28 | 28 | [49] |
| Latitude™ | BASF/Cargill | GM canola | Oil | 100 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 12 | [50] |
| Aquaterra™/Nutriterra™ i | CSIRO/Nuseed/GRDC | GM canola | Oil | 100 | 0.5 | 10 | 12 | 12 | [51] |
| Yarrowia lipolytica j | DuPont | GM yeast | Yeast biomass | ~50 | ~50 | 0 | 50 | 25 | [52] |
a Compositional data were extracted or extrapolated from various sources and, in some cases, may differ in detail from final commercialised products. b Percentage of product; c Percentage of total fatty acids (TFA); d Includes 20:4n-3 and 22:5n-3 (if any); e Initially developed by Terravia Holdings (formerly Solazyme) and to be commercially produced and marketed in joint venture with Bunge. Acquired by Corbion after Terravia filed for bankruptcy with subsequent buyout of Bunge; f Initially developed by Alltech and, after acquiring Coppens International feed company, was included in many of Alltech Coppens aquafeeds although this may not continue in the future with the closure of the microalgal facility in the USA; g Initially developed by Heliae Development LLC and distributed in partnership with Syndel Laboratories Ltd.; h Initially developed by DSM and to be produced and marketed by Veramaris®, a 50:50 joint venture with Evonik; i Oil from GM canola to be marketed as Aquaterra™ and Nutriterra™ for aquaculture and human consumption, respectively; j An oil from GM Y.lipolytica was once marketed in capsule form as New Harvest™ EPA for human consumption. Compositional data extracted or extrapolated from the publications or publicly available materials cited in last column. ADM, Archer Daniels Midland Company; CSIRO, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; GRDC, Grains Research and Development Corporation; UoS, University of Stirling.