Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the population, on the basis of diet choice.
| First Diet | Normalization | Moderate Restriction Traditional | Moderate Restriction Plant-Based Supplemented | No Protein Restriction | p between Groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 75 | 24 | 22 | 10 | |
| Males, n (%) Females, n (%) |
47 (62.7%) 28 (37.3%) |
18 (75%) 6 (25%) |
11 (50%) 11 (50%) |
6 (60%) 4 (40%) |
0.377 |
| Age (years), median (min-max) |
78 (24–101) |
74 (44–91) |
70 (34–89) |
67 (44–88) |
0.293 |
| Age over 65, n (%) | 54 (72%) | 19 (79.2%) | 15 (68.2%) | 7 (70%) | 0.853 * |
| Age over 80, n (%) | 36 (48%) | 6 (25%) | 4 (18.2%) | 3 (30%) | 0.031 * |
| CCI, median (min-max) |
8 (2–12) |
8 (4–14) |
6.5 (2–12) |
9 (5–12) |
0.046 |
| CCI ≥ 7, n (%) | 55 (73.3%) | 19 (79.2%) | 11 (50%) | 8 (80%) | 0.104 * |
| CCI ≥ 10, n (%) | 15 (20%) | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (9.2%) | 4 (40%) | 0.155 * |
| SGA A, n (%) | 65 (86.7%) | 23 (95.9%) | 19 (86.4%) | 4 (40%) | <0.001 * |
| SGA B, n (%) | 10 (13.3%) | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (9.1%) | 4 (40%) | |
| SGA C, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4.6%) | 2 (20%) | |
| MIS, median (min max) |
5 (1–14) |
5 (2–9) |
5 (2–16) |
9.5 (5–18) |
<0.001 |
| MIS ≥ 9, n (%) | 8 (10.7%) | 2 (8.3%) | 5 (22%) | 7 (70%) | <0.001 * |
| MIS ≥ 14, n (%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4.6%) | 2 (20%) | 0.009 * |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 37 (49.3%) | 17 (70.8%) | 10 (45.5%) | 2 (20%) | 0.047 * |
| Cardiopathy, n (%) | 23 (30.7%) | 1 (4.2%) | 5 (22.7%) | 1 (10%) | 0.041 * |
| Neoplasia, n (%) | 4 (5.3%) | 3 (12.5%) | 3 (13.6%) | 7 (70%) | <0.001 * |
| sCreatinine (mg/dL), median (min-max) |
2.3 (1.3–7.6) |
2.7 (1.5–9.6) |
3.3 (1.7–7.7) |
2.6 (1.3–10.4) |
0.004 |
| eGFR-EPI (mL/min), median (min-max) |
24 (8–68) |
22 (5–40) |
15 (5–46) |
23 (4–50) |
0.012 |
| eGFR < 15 (mL/min) at enrollment, n (%) |
7 (9.3%) | 3 (12.5%) | 12 (54.5%) | 2 (20%) | <0.001 * |
| GFR < 10 (mL/min) at enrollment, n (%) |
3 (4%) | 2 (8.3%) | 5 (22.7%) | 1 (10%) | 0.050 * |
| Proteinuria (g/day), median (min-max) | 0.3 (0.1–8.3) | 1.2 (0.1–4.5) | 1.8 (0.1–7) | 0.4 (0.1–3) | 0.003 |
| Proteinuria ≥ 1 (g/day), n (%) | 19 (25.3%) | 14 (58.3%) | 14 (63.6%) | 3 (30%) | 0.001 * |
| Proteinuria ≥ 3 (g/day), n (%) |
8 (10.7%) | 5 (20.8%) | 8 (36.4%) | 1 (10%) | 0.034 * |
| Glomerulonephritis-systemic disease, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (9.1%) | 1 (10%) | 0.087 * |
| Ketoanalogues, n (%) | 10 (13%) | 0 | 22 (100%) | 1 (10%) | <0.001 * |
Legend: CCI: Charlson’s Comorbidity Index. E-GFR EPI: GFR according to the CKD-EPI equation. ADPKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. “*” indicates that the Chi-Square Independence Test was used, otherwise, Kruskal-Wallis Test was used. Bonferroni Correction involves a p value at 0.0125 to adapt the test for multiple comparison; significant results have been indicated in bold.