Table 1.

Summary of the impact of n-3 PUFAs in athletes.

Protocol	Key Results
551 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 551 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) twice daily, during five weeks of pre-season rugby training	Reduced fatigue in countermovement jump tests [20]
24-h exposure with 100 microM EPA in human myotubes	Augmented adaptability and upregulation of specific genes implicated in fatty acid beta-oxidation with global improvement in muscle metabolic flexibility [21]
Four-week supplementation with n-3 PUFAs 1.1 g per day	Significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2-max) and in endothelial function [22]
14-days diet enriched with 5% cod liver oil followed by 14 days immobilization	Reduced myosin heavy chain loss during 14 days of hind limb immobilization [23]
Six-months supplementation with 1.8 g EPA, 1.5 g DHA daily	Increased hand grip and muscle strength [24]
Three-week supplementation with 3.2 g of EPA and 2.0 g of DHA	Reduced eicosanoids and pro-inflammatory cytokines concentration in the sputum of asthmatic athletes [25]
Six-months supplementation with 3.36 g/day of n-3 PUFAs	Increased muscle mass and strength in older people [24]
Eight-weeks supplementation with 1.86 g EPA, 1.5 g DHA daily	Augmented muscle protein synthesis, enhanced rapamycin (mTOR)-ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (p70s6k1) signaling after hyperaminoacidemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp [26]
Supplementation with 0.4 g EPA, 0.3 g DHA (60 days pre-training and 90 days during training)	Potential training increase in peak torque and rate of torque development (Knee extensor, flexor, plantar, and dorsiflexor) [27]