Table 3.
Median (IQR) usual daily dietary intakes of macro- and micronutrients from foods among pregnant and lactating women and prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes 1.
| Pregnant Women (n = 99) | Lactating Women (n = 103) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAR 2 | Intake | Prevalence of Inadequacy (%) | EAR | Intake | Prevalence of Inadequacy (%) | |
| Energy, kcal | 2674.5 | 1759.7 (1475.5, 2101.3) |
2622.2 | 2209.7 (1841.3, 2640.0) |
||
| Vitamin A, µg RAE | 550 | 536.1 3 (378.4, 741.1) |
52.1 | 900 | 504.9 (349.8, 701.6) 3 |
88.8 |
| Vitamin C, mg | 70 | 25.9 (16.2, 39.7) | 95.2 | 100 | 30.8 (19.3, 46.7) | 97.9 |
| Thiamin, mg | 1.2 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 89.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 71.8 |
| Riboflavin, mg | 1.2 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 91.8 | 1.3 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 85.7 |
| Niacin, mg | 14 | 7.5 (6.4, 8.9) | 98.4 | 13 | 9.1 (7.7, 10.8) | 95.3 |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 1.6 | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) | 52.1 | 1.7 | 2.0 (1.7, 2.5) | 26.9 |
| Folate, µg DFE | 520 | 307.3 3(221.4, 414.7) | 88.8 | 450 | 294.1 3 (208.4, 398.8) | 83.0 |
| Vitamin B12, µg | 2.2 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 100.0 | 2.4 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 100.0 |
| Iron, mg | 22 | 22.6 3 (17.5, 28.9) | 46.7 | 11.7 | 30.1 3 (23.6, 37.4) | 1.0 |
| Zinc, mg | 9.5 | 11.0 (8.8, 13.7) | 32.6 | 10.4 | 14.8 (11.9, 18.3) | 14.3 |
| Calcium, mg | 800 | 330.3 (301.5, 361.5) |
100.0 | 800 | 384.8 (351.0, 420.2) |
100.0 |
1 DFE, dietary folate equivalents; EAR, estimated average requirement; kcal, kilocalorie; RAE, retinol activity equivalent. 2 Estimated average requirements from [35,36,37,38]. Estimated energy requirement (EER) = 354 − (6.91 × age [year]) + PA × [(9.36 × weight [kg]) + (726 × height [m])] + physiological group adjustment, where physical activity (PA) = 1.27 (active), and physiological group adjustments were as follows: 2nd trimester pregnancy = + 330; 3rd trimester pregnancy = + 452; 0–6 month postpartum = + 330; 7–23 months post-partum = + 400. 3 Assumes vitamin A fortification of cooking oil at 11 mg/kg from [31] and folic acid and iron fortification of wheat flour at 2.5 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, respectively [32]. Does not include iron and folic acid supplements.