Table 5.
The incidence of TTXs in the Indian Ocean. NPI—no poisoning incidents, MBA—mouse bioassay; FLD—fluorescence detection; LC—liquid chromatography; MS—mass spectrometry; HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography; UVD—ultraviolet detection; TLC—thin-layer chromatography; GC—gas chromatography.
| Producing Species | Vector | Sample Tissue | Location | Country | Poisoning Date | TTX | Detection | Maximum Concentration | Poisoning Victims | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | ||||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish Lagocephalus scleratus | Close to Fremantle Hospital | Australia | 13 May 1996 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 3 people | [23] | |
| Unknown | Puffer fish Lagocephalus scleratus | Port Hedland | Australia | 1998 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 1 person | [24] | |
| Unknown | Toad fish Tetractenos hamiltoni | New South Wales | Australia | 1 January 2001 to 13 April 2002 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 11 people | [100] | |
| Unknown | Toad fish Tetractenos hamiltoni | Urine | Australia | 2004 | TTX | HPLC–UVD | 5 ng/mL | 7 people | [80] | |
| Serum | 20 ng/mL | |||||||||
| Asian countries | ||||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish | Khulna | Bangladesh | April 18 2002 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 45 people | [27] | |
| Unknown | Puffer fish Takifugu oblongus | Skin | Khulna | Bangladesh | 18 May 2002 | TTX | MBA | 18.9 MU/g | 36 people, 7 deaths | [16] |
| Muscle | 4.4 MU | |||||||||
| Liver | 4.9 MU/g | |||||||||
| Gonads | 132.0 MU/g | |||||||||
| Viscera categories | 37.0 MU/g | |||||||||
| Natore | - | |||||||||
| Dhaka | ||||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish | Liver | Khulna | Bangladesh | 24 July 2005 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 6 people | [22] |
| Unknown | Skin | Khulna | Bangladesh | 25 March 2006 | TTX | LC–MS/MS | 25.35 μg·g−1 | NPI | [33] | |
| Anhydro | 7.71 μg·g−1 | |||||||||
| 11-Deoxy | 1.12 μg·g−1 | |||||||||
| Trideoxy | 15.31 μg·g−1 | |||||||||
| Muscle | TTX | 1.64 μg·g−1 | ||||||||
| Anhydro | - | |||||||||
| 11-Deoxy | - | |||||||||
| Trideoxy | - | |||||||||
| Liver | TTX | 45.71 μg·g−1 | ||||||||
| Anhydro | 29.17 μg·g−1 | |||||||||
| 11-Deoxy | - | |||||||||
| Trideoxy | 9.09 μg·g−1 | |||||||||
| Ovary | TTX | 356.00 μg·g−1 | ||||||||
| Anhydro | 85.87 μg·g−1 | |||||||||
| 11-Deoxy | 26.00 μg·g−1 | |||||||||
| Trideoxy | 2,929.70 μg·g−1 | |||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish | Dhaka | Bangladesh | 2008 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 11 people | [25] | |
| Unknown | Puffer Fish | Narshingdi | Bangladesh | April and June 2008 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 95 people, 14 deaths | [26] | |
| Natore | ||||||||||
| Dhaka | ||||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer Fish | Dhaka City | Bangladesh | October 2014 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 11 people, 4 deaths | [18] | |
| Unknown | Puffer fish | - | Khulna | Bangladesh | - | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 37 people, 8 deaths | [28] |
| Unknown | Puffer fish Chelonodon patoca | Liver | Bay of Bengal | India | June 1998 to March 2001 | TTX | MBA | 25.9 MU/g | NPI | [61] |
| Ovary | 183 MU/g | |||||||||
| Sphaeroides oblongus | Liver | 16 MU/g | ||||||||
| Ovary | 7.9 MU/g | |||||||||
| Lagocephalus inermis | Liver | 5.5 MU/g | ||||||||
| Ovary | 28.9 MU/g | |||||||||
| Lagocephalus lunaris | Liver | 5.9 MU/g | ||||||||
| Ovary | 16.6 MU/g | |||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish Chelenodon potoca | Liver | Bengal coast | India | June 2000–March 2001 | TTX | MBA | 27.8 MU/g | NPI | [35] |
| Ovary | 156.7 MU/g | |||||||||
| Takifugu oblongus | Liver | 11.75 MU/g | ||||||||
| Ovary | 29.1 MU/g | |||||||||
| Lagocephalus lunaris | Liver | 9 MU/g | ||||||||
| Ovary | 30.1 MU/g | |||||||||
| Lagocephalus inermis | Liver | 5.7 MU/g | ||||||||
| Ovary | 9.64 MU/g | |||||||||
| Kytococcus sedentarius | Puffer fish Arothron hispidus | Skin | Annankil fish landings at Parangipettai | India | 2010 | TTX | MBA | - | NPI | [65] |
| Intestine | - | |||||||||
| Liver | - | |||||||||
| Cellulomonas fimi | Muscle | 4.4 MU | ||||||||
| Liver | 4.9 MU/g | |||||||||
| Gonads | 132.0 MU/g | |||||||||
| Bacillus lentimorbus | Viscera categories | 37.0 MU/g | ||||||||
| Natore | - | |||||||||
| Dhaka | - | |||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish Arothron stellatus | Muscles | Parangipettai | India | 2016 | TTX | HPLC–FLD, TLC–UVD | Qualitative | NPI | [64] |
| Gonads | 4-epi | |||||||||
| Liver | anhydro | |||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish Takifugu oblongus | Skin | Kasimedu fishing harbor, Chennai, Tamil Nadu | India | 2016 | TTX | MBA | 75.88 MU/g | NPI | [62] |
| GC–MS | 16.5 MU/g | |||||||||
| HPLC | 18 MU/g | |||||||||
| Liver | MBA | 143.33 MU/g | ||||||||
| GC–MS | 32.5 MU/g | |||||||||
| HPLC | 48 MU/g | |||||||||
| Ovary | MBA | 163 MU/g | ||||||||
| GC–MS | 34.5 μg | |||||||||
| HPLC | 51 μg | |||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish | - | Johor | Malaysia | May 2008 | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 34 people | [68] |
| Unknown | Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda | Urine | Kota Marudu | Malaysia | June–August 2011 | TTX | GC–MS | 1.3–602 ng/mL | 30 people | [88] |
| Unknown | Puffer fish Xenopterus naritus | Muscle | Manggut | Malaysia | February and July 2013 | TTX | LC–MS/MS | 27.19 μg/g | NPI | [63] |
| Kaong | 16.09 μg/g | |||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish Lageocephalus scitalleratus | Alexandra Hospital | Singapore | 2013 | TTX | Symptomatology | 1 person | [20] | ||
| Unknown | Tetraodon nigroviridis | Reproduc tive tissue | Satun | Thailand | April to July 2010 | TTX | LC–MS/MS, MBA | 63.57 MU/g | NPI | [36] |
| Liver | 97.08 MU/g | |||||||||
| Digestive tissue | 43.33 MU/g | |||||||||
| Muscle | 22.12 MU/g | |||||||||
| Arothron reticularis | Reproductive tissue | - | ||||||||
| Liver | 2.08 MU/g | |||||||||
| Digestive tissue | 3.16 MU/g | |||||||||
| Muscle | 4.02 MU/g | |||||||||
| African countries | ||||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish Lagocephalus lunaris | Gonads | National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, | Egypt | September 1990 through May 1991 | TTX | TLC–UVD, MBA | 752 MU/g | NPI | [34] |
| Liver | 246 MU/g | |||||||||
| Muscles | 127 MU/g | |||||||||
| Digestive tract | 221 MU/g | |||||||||
| Skin | 119 MU/g | |||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish Lagocephalus sceleratus | Gonads | Attaka fishing harbor | Egypt | October 2002 and June 2003 | TTX | MBA | 3950 MU/g | NPI | [37] |
| Unknown | Puffer fish Lagocephulus scleratus | Muscle | Suez Gulf | Egypt | 23 December 2004 | TTX | 7 people | [21] | ||
| Unknown | Puffer fish | Nosy Be Island | Madagascar | July 1998 | TTX | MBA | 16 UM/g | 3 people, 1 death | [19] | |
| Unknown | Puffer fish Lagocephalus sceleratus | Liver | Reunion Island | Reunion Island | 10 September 2013 | TTX | MBA, LC–MS/MS | 95 MU/g | 10 people | [29] |
| Flesh | 5 MU/g | |||||||||
| Unknown | Puffer fish, Tetraodontidae family | Zanzibar | Tanzania | TTX | Symptomatology | - | 1 death | [17] | ||