Table 1.

Summary of major epidemiological studies examining the association of Red Meat Intake with CRC.

Author, Year	Study Design	Country/Center	Result
Chao A, 2005 [7]	Observational	USA	Positive association—long term meat consumption increased the risk of cancer in the distal portion of the large intestine
Norat A, 2005 [8]	Case-Control	10 European Countries	Positive association—high intake (>160 g/day) group had a risk 1.35-fold as compared with the lowest intake (<20 g/day)
Willett WC, 1990 [9]	Observational	USA	Positive association - RR of CRC in women who ate beef, pork or lamb as a main dish every day was 2.49, as compared with those reporting consumptions less than once a month.
Cross AJ, 2010 [10]	Observational	USA	Positive association—heme iron, nitrite, heterocyclic amines from meat may explain these associations
Chan DS, 2011 [11]	Meta-analysis of ten cohort studies	N/A	Positive association—17% increased risk per 100 g per day of red meat and an 18% increase per 50 g per day of processed meat
Beresford SA, 2006 [12]	Randomized controlled trial	USA	No association—a low-fat dietary pattern intervention did not reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women during 8.1 years of follow-up