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iPSC transplantation. First, fibroblasts are obtained from a patient afflicted with familial PD. Researchers express major reprogramming transcription factors to establish a mutant iPSC line. Using ZNF/TALEN or CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the significant mutation is corrected and then the line is differentiated into mature or progenitor DA neurons in xeno-free conditions. After sufficient quality assurance, the differentiated cells can then be used for clinical trials.
