Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to quartiles (Q) of energy-adjusted total calcium product intake.
| Total Calcium Product Intake (Quartile) | p value a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| n | 2143 | 2144 | 2144 | 2143 | |
| Total calcium product intake (servings/week) | 7.0 | 12.2 | 17.6 | 26.9 | |
| Male | 1272 (59.4) | 1190 (55.5) | 1009 (47.1) | 613 (28.6) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 51.4 ± 0.2 | 50.7 ± 0.2 | 51.4 ± 0.2 | 53.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Residential area | <0.001 | ||||
| Ansung | 1318 (61.5) | 902 (42.1) | 867 (40.4) | 1033 (48.2) | |
| Ansan | 825 (38.5) | 1242 (57.9) | 1277 (59.6) | 1110 (51.8) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||||
| Elementary school graduation or lower | 744 (35.0) | 609 (28.6) | 635 (29.8) | 770 (36.1) | |
| Middle school graduation | 494 (23.2) | 470 (22.1) | 474 (22.2) | 522 (24.5) | |
| High school graduation | 629 (29.6) | 725 (34.0) | 699 (32.8) | 594 (27.8) | |
| College graduation or higher | 260 (12.2) | 328 (15.4) | 325 (15.2) | 248 (11.6) | |
| Monthly household income (KRW) | <0.001 | ||||
| <1,000,000 | 861 (40.7) | 643 (30.3) | 625 (29.5) | 753 (35.7) | |
| 1,000,000–<2,000,000 | 626 (29.6) | 640 (30.2) | 591 (27.9) | 639 (30.3) | |
| 2,000,000–<4,000,000 | 525 (24.8) | 660 (31.2) | 687 (32.5) | 563 (26.7) | |
| ≥4,000,000 | 103 (4.9) | 176 (8.3) | 213 (10.1) | 153 (7.3) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 24.6 ± 0.1 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Physical activity b | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 674 (31.6) | 773 (36.3) | 713 (33.7) | 678 (31.9) | |
| Mid | 563 (26.4) | 719 (33.8) | 760 (35.9) | 789 (37.1) | |
| High | 894 (42.0) | 638 (30.0) | 646 (30.5) | 661 (31.1) | |
| Alcohol consumption (yes) | 1113 (52.2) | 1152 (53.9) | 1050 (49.2) | 808 (37.9) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-smokers | 1031 (48.5) | 1151 (53.9) | 1260 (59.5) | 1557 (73.5) | |
| Former smokers | 361 (17.0) | 378 (17.7) | 331 (15.6) | 217 (10.3) | |
| Smokers | 736 (34.6) | 606 (28.4) | 528 (24.9) | 344 (16.2) | |
| Dietary supplement use (yes) | 277 (13.1) | 347 (16.4) | 409 (19.4) | 541 (25.3) | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± standard error or n (%); KRW is Korean Republic Won; a p values are derived from χ2 test for categorical variables and from generalized linear regression analysis for continuous variables; b Physical activity was categorized into three groups, according to tertile of metabolic equivalents (MET)-hours/week.