Table 1.

Bioavailability of glyceollins.

Animal Model	Treatment	Sample	Time	Method of Measure	Major Results	References
Female monkey (Macaca fascicularis)	Diet containing glyceollin mixture 1, 134 mg/day representing 50% of total isoflavonoids in the diet	Plasma	4 h and 24 h post administration (postad)	Liquid chromatographic-photodiode array mass spectrometric analysis	Plasma concentration of glyceollins: - 4 h: 134.2 ± 34.6 nmol/L, representing only 11.6 % of the plasma isoflavonoids level - 24 h: Undetectable ˂ 1 nmol/L	Wood et al. [40]
Male ZDSD/Pco rat	Glyceollin mixture, gavage, 30 and 90 mg/kg	Plasma	20, 60, 120 and 240 minutes (min) postad	HPLC-electrospray ionization-MS/MS	Plama concentration of glyceollins: - 20 min: Starts to be detectable - the next 220 min: Remains stable For dose 30 mg/kg: Ranges from 81.2 to 118.4 ng/mL For dose 60 mg/kg: Ranges from 118.2 to 159.0 ng/mL - 60 min: Peak concentration	Boué et al. 2012 [41]
	Glyceollin mixture, gavage, 90 mg/kg/days for 2 weeks	Plasma, feces, and urine	Plasma: 3 h postad Feces: Once daily for 2 weeks Urine: 24 h collection postad a single dose	Precursor and product ion scanning using liquid chromatography coupled online with Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry	- Rapidly absorption, glyceollins undergo phase I and phase II metabolism in the small intestine and the liver - Metabolites of glyceollins were identified in the plasma, the urine, and the feces Phase I conjugation: Epoxidation, hydroxylation… Phase II conjugation: Sulfate and glucuronide conjugations…	Quadri et al. 2013 [43], Quadri et al. 2014 [44]

¹ Glyceollin mixture contains glyceollin I, glyceollin II and glyceollin III.