Table 4.
Change in energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake from baseline to 12 months between the control and intervention participants.
| Energy and Nutrients | Control n = 106 | Intervention n = 114 | Unadjusted Difference β (95% Confidence Interval CI) p-Value | Adjusted Difference 1 β (95% Confidence Interval CI) p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kJ) | ||||
| Baseline | 8051.7 (1827.6) | 8286.6 (1990.5) | ||
| Follow-up | 7606.5 (1717.2) | 7760.3 (1621.8) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −445.3(−746.6, −143.9) 0.004 | −526.3(−848.9, −203.8) 0.002 | −81.1 (−443.2, 281.1) 0.65 | −42.9 (−460.0, 374.2) 0.84 |
| Protein (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 94.3 (26.1) | 93.0 (23.6) | ||
| Follow-up | 89.5 (26.2) | 91.8 (22.0) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −4.8 (−8.6, −0.94) 0.02 | −1.2 (−5.2, 2.7) 0.54 | 3.5 (−1.4, 8.5) 0.16 | 3.5 (−1.7, 8.8) 0.18 |
| % protein | ||||
| Baseline | 0.20 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.02) | ||
| Follow-up | 0.20 (0.03) | 0.20 (0.03) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.005) 0.66 | 0.01 (0.006, 0.01) <0.001 | 0.009 (0.003, 0.01) 0.003 | 0.009 (0.002, 0.15) 0.01 |
| CHO (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 191.3 (51.2) | 198.4 (51.2) | ||
| Follow-up | 180.6 (45.2) | 182.5 (42.7) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −10.7 (−19.0, −2.4) 0.01 | −15.9 (−25.4, −6.4) 0.001 | −5.2 (−16.6, 6.1) 0.36 | −3.3 (−15.3, 8.7) 0.58 |
| % CHO | ||||
| Baseline | 0.40 (0.06) | 0.41 (0.06) | ||
| Follow-up | 0.40 (0.05) | 0.40 (0.06) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | 0.0009 (−0.008, 0.01) 0.85 | −0.006 (−0.02, 0.003) 0.20 | −0.007(−0.02, 0.007) 0.31 | −0.005(−0.02, 0.009) 0.46 |
| Fat (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 80.6 (21.8) | 82.6 (24.7) | ||
| Follow-up | 76.6 (21.2) | 77.1 (21.5) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −3.9 (−7.7, −0.18) 0.04 | −5.5 (−9.3, −1.8) 0.004 | −1.6 (−6.3, 3.1) 0.49 | −1.6 (−7.5, 4.3) 0.59 |
| % Fat | ||||
| Baseline | 0.37 (0.04) | 0.37 (0.05) | ||
| Follow-up | 0.37 (0.04) | 0.36 (0.05) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | 0.002 (−0.005, 0.009) 0.59 | −0.002 (−0.01, 0.006) 0.64 | −0.004 (−0.01, 0.006) 0.45 | −0.005 (−0.02, 0.008) 0.42 |
| SFA (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 34.4 (11.0) | 34.5 (11.9) | ||
| Follow-up | 32.3 (10.3) | 31.6 (10.2) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −2.1 (−3.8, −0.34) 0.02 | −2.8 (−4.5, −1.1) 0.001 | −0.78 (−3.0, 1.4) 0.48 | −0.83 (−3.4, 1.8) 0.52 |
| % SFA | ||||
| Baseline | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.03) | ||
| Follow-up | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.03) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −0.0004 (−0.004, 0.004) 0.83 | −0.003 (−0.008, 0.002) 0.24 | −0.002 (−0.008, 0.003) 0.40 | −0.003(−0.01, 0.004) 0.41 |
| MUFA (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 28.6 (7.7) | 29.6 (9.2) | ||
| Follow-up | 27.2 (7.7) | 28.0 (8.2) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −1.4 (−2.8, −0.03) 0.04 | −1.7 (−3.1, −0.26) 0.02 | −0.28 (−2.1, 1.6) 0.76 | −0.17(−2.5, 2.1) 0.88 |
| % MUFA | ||||
| Baseline | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.02) | ||
| Follow-up | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.02) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | 0.0005 (−0.003, 0.004) 0.76 | 0.0007 (−0.003, 0.004) 0.66 | 0.0003 (−0.005, 0.005) 0.91 | 0.00002(−0.006, 0.006) 0.10 |
| PUFA (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 10.6 (3.9) | 11.4 (4.0) | ||
| Follow-up | 10.4 (3.8) | 10.8 (3.9) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −0.16 (−0.80, 0.48) 0.62 | −0.60 (−1.3, 0.13) 0.11 | −0.44 (−1.4, 0.56) 0.38 | −0.46 (−1.6, 0.67) 0.41 |
| % PUFA | ||||
| Baseline | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | ||
| Follow-up | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.01) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | 0.002 (−0.0006, 0.004) 0.16 | 0.0001 (−0.002, 0.003) 0.92 | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.003) 0.47 | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.002) 0.31 |
| Fiber (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 21.5 (5.5) | 22.9 (6.7) | ||
| Follow-up | 21.1 (5.6) | 22.6 (6.0) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −0.35 (−1.2, 0.51) 0.42 | −0.29 (−1.5, 0.90) 0.63 | 0.07 (−1.2, 1.3) 0.91 | 0.32 (−1.1, 1.7) 0.65 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | ||||
| Baseline | 314.8 (98.8) | 315.0 (111.2) | ||
| Follow-up | 301.0 (102.7) | 310.0 (113.1) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −13.8 (−30.7, 3.1) 0.11 | −5.0 (−23.0, 13.0) 0.58 | 8.8 (−14.3, 31.9) 0.45 | 8.4 (−16.7, 33.6) 0.50 |
| GI | ||||
| Baseline | 50.7 (3.6) | 51.2 (4.0) | ||
| Follow-up | 50.4 (3.5) | 49.5 (3.7) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −0.38 (−0.94, 0.19) 0.19 | −1.7 (−2.3, −1.1) <0.001 | −1.3 (−2.1, −0.56) 0.001 | −1.2 (−2.1, −0.24) 0.02 |
| GL | ||||
| Baseline | 96.8 (29.8) | 101.2 (29.6) | ||
| Follow-up | 90.6 (25.7) | 90.2 (25.2) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −6.2 (−11.0, −1.3) 0.01 | −10.9 (−16.3, −5.5) <0.001 | −4.8 (−11.3, 1.7) 0.15 | −3.4 (−10.4, 3.6) 0.33 |
| Calcium (mg) | ||||
| Baseline | 970.0 (294.6) | 929.3 (248.0) | ||
| Follow-up | 919.4 (259.2) | 936.4 (245.1) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −50.6 (−96.3, −4.8) 0.03 | 7.1 (−34.7, 48.9) 0.74 | 57.6 (8.0, 107.3) 0.02 | 48.3 (−11.6, 108.1) 0.11 |
| Iron (mg) | ||||
| Baseline | 13.5 (3.6) | 14.0 (4.4) | ||
| Follow-up | 12.8 (3.4) | 13.7 (3.8) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −0.69 (−1.3, −0.11) 0.02 | −0.35 (−1.2, 0.50) 0.42 | 0.33 (−0.56, 1.2) 0.46 | 0.49 (−0.46, 1.4) 0.31 |
| Folate (µg) | ||||
| Baseline | 265.9 (67.4) | 276.5 (91.1) | ||
| Follow-up | 258.2 (60.4) | 268.5 (69.9) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −7.7 (−18.3, 2.9) 0.15 | −8.0 (−25.0, 9.1) 0.36 | −0.28 (−16.3, 15.7) 0.97 | 4.8 (−12.1, 21.8) 0.57 |
| Sodium (mg) | ||||
| Baseline | 2557.1 (713.1) | 2605.9 (755.4) | ||
| Follow-up | 2379.6 (604.8) | 2421.7 (638.7) | ||
| Mean change (95% CI) p-value | −177.5 (−287.0, −68.0) 0.002 | −184.2 (-300.8, −67.7) 0.002 | −6.7 (−140.7, 127.2) 0.92 | −4.9 (−159.2, 149.3) 0.95 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using paired Student’s t-tests for the within-group change. Linear regression were used to assess the difference between groups over the length of the study, and are presented as beta, 95% confidence interval, and p-value. All data were adjusted for group (intervention/control) and town cluster. 1 Additional adjustment for age, BMI, smoking, working status, marital status, qualifications, income level, group status (intervention/control), and town clustering.