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. 2019 Jan 8;17(1):36. doi: 10.3390/md17010036

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effects of chitooligosaccharides (COS) on cell viability and cytokine production. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with COS (0–200 μg/mL) for 24 h. (A) The nitric oxide production on treatment with α-COS (1874 Da). (B) The cell viability on treatment with α-COS (1874 Da). (C) The production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on treatment with α-COS (1874 Da). (D) The production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on treatment with α-COS (1874 Da). The values are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (* p < 0.05 vs. control group).