Table 2.

Characterization of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) incorporated with d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as the surfactants for enhancing the oral absorption of drugs.

Active Ingredient	Average Size	Model Animals	Outcomes Offered by Nanoparticles	Reference
Paclitaxel	2 nm	Rat	An increased bioavailability of 1.3–1.5-fold compared to Taxol®	Yang et al. [97]
Paclitaxel	Unknown	Patients with cancers	A decreased tmax of 2-fold compared to Taxol®	Veltkamp et al. [99]
Docetaxel	160–180 nm	Rat	An increased bioavailability of 3.2-fold compared to Taxotere®	Valicherla et al. [100]
Cyclosporine A	72 nm	Rat	An increased bioavailability of 4.5-fold compared to Bioral®	Jain et al. [102]
Sirolimus	108 nm	Rat	An increased bioavailability of 1.3-fold compared to Rapamune®	Cho et al. [103]
Cefpodoxime	55–60 nm	Rat	An increased bioavailability of 5.4-fold compared to plain drug	Bajaj et al. [104]
Fenofibrate	Unknown	Human	The bioavailability was reduced by SEDDSs	Wei et al. [106]
Fenofibrate	205–379 nm	Human	An increased bioavailability of 1.2-fold compared to Tricor®	Lin et al. [107]

TPGS, d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate.