Table 3.
Vitamin | Average Size | In Vitro or In Vivo Model | Outcomes Offered by Nanoparticles | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
β-carotene | 140~170 nm | In vitro bioaccessibility | Increased bioaccessibility in simulatedGI environment (66%) | Qian et al. [110] |
β-carotene | About 200 nm | In vitro bioaccessibility | Increased bioaccessibility in simulated GI environment (69%) | Xia et al. [111] |
β-carotene | About 400 nm | In vitro bioaccessibility | Increased β-carotene stability and bioaccessibility in simulated GI environment | Liu et al. [113] |
β-carotene | 260 nm | In vitro bioaccessibility | Increased bioaccessibility in simulated GI environment (about 50%) | Mun et al. [114] |
Carotenoids | 10.4 nm | In vivo bioavailability in rat | An increased bioavailability of 4-fold compared to aqueous suspension | Ho et al. [116] |
Vitamin D | Unknown | In vivo bioavailability in mouse | An increased bioavailability of 1.3-fold with asthma attenuation | Tang et al. [117] |
Vitamin D2 | 112, 530, and 14500 nm | In vitro bioaccessibility and in vivo bioavailability | Increased bioavailability following the increase of droplet size | Salvia-Trujillo et al. [118] |
Vitamin E | 227 nm | In vivo bioavailability in rat | An increased bioavailability of 3-fold compared to conventional emulsions | Parthasarathi et al. [119] |
Natural vitamin E | 88 nm | In vivo bioavailability in rat | An increased bioavailability of 1.6-fold compared to soft capsules | Gong et al. [120] |
TPGS as surfactant | 21.6 nm | In vivo bioavailability in rat | An increased bioavailability of 6.7-fold compared to Taxol | Khandavilli and Panchagnula [121] |
TPGS as surfactant | 150 nm | In vivo bioavailability in rat | An increased bioavailability of 2.6-fold compared to aqueous suspension | Sun et al. [123] |
TPGS, d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate.