Table 1.
Background characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes by presence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
| NPDR absent (N = 280) | NPDR present (N = 83) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 55.6 | 58.9 | 0.004 |
| Duration of diabetes, years* | 7 (4–13) | 18 (11–25) | < 0.001 |
| Body weight, kg | 56.2 | 58.2 | 0.114 |
| Lifetime maximum body weight, kg | 62.0 | 63.6 | 0.207 |
| Age at lifetime maximum body weight, years | 42.0 | 41.4 | 0.701 |
| Body height, cm | 160.0 | 159.8 | 0.810 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.9 | 22.7 | 0.025 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 77.7 | 79.7 | 0.109 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 123.1 | 131.2 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 72.0 | 72.0 | 0.969 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 141.2 | 114.5 | 0.093 |
| Random glucose, mg/dl | 173.6 | 179.6 | 0.614 |
| HbA1c, mmol/l [%] | 62.0 [7.8] | 62.0 [7.8] | 0.934 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 198.2 | 196.7 | 0.680 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 106.9 | 107.3 | 0.886 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 73.3 | 69.9 | 0.137 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl* | 74 (56.5–91.5) | 70 (54–102) | 0.531 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 125.2 | 125.7 | 0.869 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.026 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 82.4 | 76.5 | 0.006 |
| Insulin dose used, unit | 31.6 | 37.4 | 0.010 |
| Gender | |||
| Men (%) | 43.2 | 44.6 | 0.826 |
| Treatment | |||
| Diet treatment only | – | – | 0.469 |
| OHA only | 1.1 | 0.0 | |
| Insulin only | 83.6 | 88.0 | |
| OHA + insulin | 15.4 | 12.0 | |
| Insulin use | |||
| Yes | 98.9 | 100.0 | 0.344 |
| Self-measurement of blood glucose level | |||
| Yes | 92.1 | 95.2 | 0.299 |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| Yes | 26.8 | 21.7 | 0.548 |
| Current or past smoking | |||
| Yes | 38.2 | 42.2 | 0.142 |
NPDR non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, OHA oral hypoglycemic agents, BMI body mass index, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
*Median (inter-quartile range)