Table 4.
Multiple logistic regression for the prevalence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes
| Model 1 | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Women (vs. men) | 1.45 (1.21, 1.74) | < 0.001 |
| Age (per + 1 year) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.250 |
| HbA1c (per + 11 mmol/l or + 1%) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.437 |
| Duration of diabetes (per + 1 year) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) | < 0.001 |
| Treatment | ||
| Diet treatment only | 1 | |
| OHA only | 1.47 (1.01, 2.14) | 0.042 |
| Insulin only | 4.51 (3.14, 6.48) | < 0.001 |
| HA + insulin | 3.76 (2.57, 5.50) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (per + 1 kg/m2) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) | < 0.001 |
| Lifetime maximum body weight (per + 1 kg) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (per + 1 mmHg) | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (per + 1 mmHg) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.010 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (per + 1 mg/dl) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.774 |
| HDL cholesterol (per + 1 mg/dl) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.058 |
| LDL cholesterol (per + 1 mg/dl) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.567 |
| eGFR (per + 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.976 |
| Alcohol intake (yes vs. no) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.009 |
| Current or past smoking (yes vs. no) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 0.886 |
| Past history of myocardial infarction (yes vs. no) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.40) | 0.829 |
| Past history of stroke (yes vs. no) | 0.80 (0.57, 1.11) | 0.179 |
| Number of OHA (per + 1 agent) | 1.30 (1.18, 1.43) | < 0.001 |
| Number of antihypertensive agents (per + 1 agent) | 1.17 (1.09, 1.26) | < 0.001 |
| Number of lipid-lowering agents (per + 1 agent) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.92) | 0.002 |
OHA oral hypoglycemic agents, BMI body mass index, HDL high-density lipoprotein, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval