Changes in the coagulation system during orthostatic stress. After standing, increased pressure is generated in the lower extremities, and this activates local and systemic regulation. The ellipses represent the small molecules involved. Upward arrows represent increased levels. ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; vWF, von Willebrand factor; TF, tissue factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; NO, nitric oxide.