Table 2.
Factors associated with depression by EPDS
| Overall | Not Depressed | Depressed | P-value | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||
| Age | < 24 | 42 (21.1%) | 24 (20.0%) | 18 (23.1%) | 0.87 | |
| 25–34 | 115 (58.1%) | 71 (59.2%) | 44 (56.4%) | |||
| > 35 | 41 (20.7%) | 25 (20.8%) | 16 (20.5%) | |||
| Education | Primary | 22 (11.1%) | 11 (9.2%) | 11 (14.1%) | 0.32 | |
| Secondary | 169 (85.4%) | 106 (88.3%) | 63 (80.8%) | |||
| Tertiary | 7 (3.5%) | 3 (2.5%) | 4 (5.1%) | |||
| Marital status | Divorced | 3 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0.11 | |
| Married | 188 (94.9%) | 117 (97.5%) | 71 (91.0%) | |||
| Never married | 3 (1.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (2.6%) | |||
| Separated | 3 (1.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (2.6%) | |||
| Widowed | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Employment status | Formally employed | 17 (8.6%) | 11 (9.2%) | 6 (7.7%) | 0.39 | |
| Informally employed | 55 (27.8%) | 33 (27.5%) | 22 (28.2%) | |||
| Unemployed | 126 (63.6% | 76 (63.3%) | 50 (64.1%) | |||
| Know HIV status | Before pregnancy | 113 (57.1%) | 68 (56.7%) | 45 (57.7%) | 0.88 | |
| During pregnancy | 85 (42.9%) | 52 (43.3%) | 33 (42.3%) | |||
| IPV | No | 153 (77.3%) | 104 (86.7%) | 49 (62.8%) | ||
| Yes | 45 (22.7%) | 16 (13.3%) | 29 (37.2%) | 0.02 | 3.8 (1.9–7.7) | |
| CSA | No | 169 (85.4%) | 108 (90.0%) | 61 (78.2%) | ||
| Yes | 29 (14.6%) | 12 (10.0%) | 17 (21.8%) | 0.02 | 2.5 (1.1–5.6) | |
| Social support | No | 17 (8.6%) | 13 (10.8%) | 4 (5.1%) | ||
| Yes | 181 (91.4%) | 107 (89.2%) | 74 (94.9%) | 0.02 | ||
| History of depression | No | 142 (71.7%) | 101 (84.2%) | 41 (52.6%) | ||
| Yes | 56 (28.3%) | 19 (15.8%) | 37 (47.4%) | 0.00 | 4.8 (2.5–9.3) | |
| On ARVs | No | 4 (2.0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 2 (2.6%) | ||
| Yes | 194 (98.0%) | 118 (98.3%) | 76 (97.4%) | 0.64 | ||
| Children | No | 39 (19.7%) | 24 (20.0%) | 15 (19.2%) | ||
| Yes | 159 (80.3%) | 96 (80.0%) | 63 (80.8%) | 0.1 | ||
| Ever had miscarriage | No | 167 (84.3%) | 102 (85.0%) | 65 (83.3%) | ||
| Yes | 31 (15.7%) | 18 (15.0%) | 13 (16.7%) | 0.84 | ||
| Chronic condition | No | 189 (95.5%) | 116 (96.7%) | 73 (93.6%) | 0.31 | |
| Yes | 9 (4.5%) | 4 (3.3%) | 5 (6.4%) |